REGULATORY GAPS AND LEGAL PROTECTION FOR INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS PROFICIENT IN MANDARIN: A Review of Illegal Employment Practices

Kho, Candra; Syarief, Elza; Tan, David

doi:10.22373/z2srd730

Akses terbuka Jurnal

REGULATORY GAPS AND LEGAL PROTECTION FOR INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS PROFICIENT IN MANDARIN: A Review of Illegal Employment Practices

Dusturiyah: Jurnal Hukum Islam, Perundang-undangan dan Pranata Sosial · Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 130–144

DOI: 10.22373/z2srd730
ISSN: 2580-5363, 2088-9712
Terbit: 2026-06-07
Penerbit: Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry
Bahasa: eng
Lisensi: creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

This study analyzes regulatory gaps and the effectiveness of legal protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers who possess Mandarin language skills and are vulnerable to illegal labor practices. Although Law Number 18 of 2017 establishes a protection framework for the pre-placement, placement, and post-placement stages, its implementation has not fully addressed vulnerabilities arising from informal recruitment, document forgery, and weak oversight of unregistered agencies. Using a normative legal method and a qualitative approach, this research evaluates regulations, employment contracts, BP2MI reports, and studies related to PMI placement in Mandarin-speaking countries. The findings indicate that while Mandarin proficiency can enhance employment opportunities, it also creates loopholes for exploitation, particularly through non-procedural channels that are difficult for consular services and diplomatic protection to reach. Limitations in inter-agency coordination further exacerbate these risks. This study recommends the need for bilateral regulatory harmonization, strengthened oversight based on language competence, enhanced transnational legal aid, and the application of John Rawls principles of justice to reinforce substantial protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers.

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Rekan penulis	Organisasi	Artikel bersama
Hari Sutra Disemadi	Diponegoro University	4
Ampuan Situmeang	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	4
Lu Sudirman	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	3
Rufinus Hotmaulana Hutauruk	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	3
Winsherly Tan	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	2
Shelvi Rusdiana	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1
Le Ho Trung Hieu	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1
Winda Fitri	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1
Ninne Zahara Silviani	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1
Vicko Taniady	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1
Windi Afdal	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1
Upankar Chutia	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1
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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/dustur/oai, pertama di-harvest 7 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.

Metadata asli (oai_dc)

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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">REGULATORY GAPS AND LEGAL PROTECTION FOR INDONESIAN MIGRANT WORKERS PROFICIENT IN MANDARIN: A Review of Illegal Employment Practices</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kho, Candra</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Syarief, Elza </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Tan, David </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Indonesian Migrant Workers; Mandarin Language; Illegal Employment; Legal Protection; Regulatory Gaps.</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This study analyzes regulatory gaps and the effectiveness of legal protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers who possess Mandarin language skills and are vulnerable to illegal labor practices. Although Law Number 18 of 2017 establishes a protection framework for the pre-placement, placement, and post-placement stages, its implementation has not fully addressed vulnerabilities arising from informal recruitment, document forgery, and weak oversight of unregistered agencies. Using a normative legal method and a qualitative approach, this research evaluates regulations, employment contracts, BP2MI reports, and studies related to PMI placement in Mandarin-speaking countries. The findings indicate that while Mandarin proficiency can enhance employment opportunities, it also creates loopholes for exploitation, particularly through non-procedural channels that are difficult for consular services and diplomatic protection to reach. Limitations in inter-agency coordination further exacerbate these risks. This study recommends the need for bilateral regulatory harmonization, strengthened oversight based on language competence, enhanced transnational legal aid, and the application of John Rawls principles of justice to reinforce substantial protection for Indonesian Migrant Workers. </dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-06-07</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/dustur/article/view/35081</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22373/z2srd730</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Dusturiyah: Jurnal Hukum Islam, Perundang-undangan dan Pranata Sosial; Vol. 16 No. 1 (2026): JURNAL DUSTURIAH; 130-144</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2580-5363</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2088-9712</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/dustur/article/view/35081/12954</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Candra Kho, Elza  Syarief, David  Tan</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>