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Exploring the recurrent and sequential security patch data using deep learning approaches

International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) · Vol. 15 No. 4 (2025)

DOI
10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp4160-4171
ISSN
2722-2578, 2088-8708
Published
2025-08-01
Publisher
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

The ever-changing nature of vulnerabilities and the intricacy of temporal connections make the classification of security patch data, both sequential and recurrent, a formidable challenge in cybersecurity. The goal of this research is to improve the efficacy and precision of security patch management by optimizing deep learning models to deal with these issues. In order to assess their performance on the PatchDB dataset, four models were used: recurrent neural networks (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM). Metrics like F1-score, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), recall, accuracy, and precision were used to evaluate performance. When it came to processing sequential data, the GRU model was the most efficient, with the best accuracy (77.39%), recall (65.63%), and AUC-ROC score (0.8127). With a 75.17% accuracy rate and an AUC-ROC score of 0.7752, the RNN model successfully reduced false negatives. With AUC-ROC scores of 0.7792 and 0.8055, respectively, LSTM and Bi-LSTM had better specificity but more false negatives. To improve cybersecurity operations, decrease mitigation time, and automate the classification of security updates, this study presents a methodology. To improve the models' practicality, future efforts will center on increasing datasets and testing them in real-world settings.

Collaboration network of the authors

13 authors · 31 co-authorship links · 18 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Mercu Buana University
  • University of Indonesia
  • University of Reading
  • Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim
  • Michigan State University
  • Binus University
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Lilis NurellisaMercu Buana University1
Vina AyumiMercu Buana University1
Ida NurhaidaMercu Buana University1
Remmy A. M. ZenMercu Buana University1
Handrie NoprissonMercu Buana University1
Hong WeiUniversity of Reading1
Achmad Nizar HidayantoUniversity of Indonesia1
Aniati Murni ArymurthyUniversity of Indonesia1
Hisyam FahmiUniversitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim1
Pang‐Ning TanMichigan State University1
Muhammad Zaky Hakim AkmalBinus University1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

This record comes from Crossref (what the publisher deposited), because the journal's own OAI-PMH endpoint could not be harvested.

Metadata source: Crossref API (cadangan, berdasarkan ISSN) https://api.crossref.org/journals/2088-8708/works, first harvested 27 Okt 2026, last seen 27 Okt 2026.
Metadata as oai_dc, converted from Crossref
<oai_dc:dc xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/"><dc:title>Exploring the recurrent and sequential security patch data using deep learning approaches</dc:title><dc:creator>Alam, Falah Muhammad</dc:creator><dc:creator>Fitrianah, Devi</dc:creator><dc:description>&lt;jats:p&gt;The ever-changing nature of vulnerabilities and the intricacy of temporal connections make the classification of security patch data, both sequential and recurrent, a formidable challenge in cybersecurity. The goal of this research is to improve the efficacy and precision of security patch management by optimizing deep learning models to deal with these issues. In order to assess their performance on the PatchDB dataset, four models were used: recurrent neural networks (RNN), long short-term memory (LSTM), gated recurrent unit (GRU), and bidirectional LSTM (Bi-LSTM). Metrics like F1-score, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC), recall, accuracy, and precision were used to evaluate performance. When it came to processing sequential data, the GRU model was the most efficient, with the best accuracy (77.39%), recall (65.63%), and AUC-ROC score (0.8127). With a 75.17% accuracy rate and an AUC-ROC score of 0.7752, the RNN model successfully reduced false negatives. With AUC-ROC scores of 0.7792 and 0.8055, respectively, LSTM and Bi-LSTM had better specificity but more false negatives. To improve cybersecurity operations, decrease mitigation time, and automate the classification of security updates, this study presents a methodology. To improve the models' practicality, future efforts will center on increasing datasets and testing them in real-world settings.&lt;/jats:p&gt;</dc:description><dc:publisher>Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science</dc:publisher><dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date><dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type><dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format><dc:identifier>https://doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp4160-4171</dc:identifier><dc:identifier>10.11591/ijece.v15i4.pp4160-4171</dc:identifier><dc:source>International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE); Vol 15 No 4 (2025); 4160</dc:source><dc:source>2722-2578</dc:source><dc:source>2088-8708</dc:source><dc:relation>https://ijece.iaescore.com/index.php/IJECE/article/viewFile/37533/18373</dc:relation><dc:rights>http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights></oai_dc:dc>