Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology enables high-data-rate communications and centimeter-accurate indoor localization but suffers severe degradation in multipath fading channels due to dense multipath components, narrowband interference (NBI), and low signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Conventional energy-based detection methods, including Rake receivers, fail under these conditions due to amplitude sensitivity. This paper introduces a phase congruency (PC)-based selective Rake (S-Rake) receiver that exploits phase alignment across frequencies rather than signal magnitude for robust feature detection. The proposed method computes PC metrics via Hilbert transforms and sub-band decomposition to identify phase-aligned multipath components, guiding S-Rake finger selection (4, 8, and 128 fingers) and time-of-arrival (TOA) estimation. Simulations using 6th-derivative Gaussian pulses over IEEE 802.15.3a CM4 channels (NLOS, 4-10 m) with AWGN and IEEE 802.11a interference (SIR=-30 dB to 0 dB) demonstrate that PC-based S-Rake achieves 4 dB SNR gain at BER=10⁻⁴ over conventional Rake under high interference. DS-UWB with PC outperforms TH-UWB by 3× lower BER at SIR=-30 dB. Increasing Rake fingers from 4 to 128 reduces BER by >40% and improves TOA accuracy by 62% (RMSE: 1.8 ns → 0.68 ns). PC maintains BER=10⁻³ at SIR=0 dB where conventional methods fail. Results establish PC as a transformative paradigm for interference-resilient UWB applications including IoT localization and 5G-coexistent communications.