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Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Eggshell-Derived Hydroxyapatite for Antibacterial Toothpaste Enriched with Avocado Seed Powder and Extract

JTK (Jurnal Tadris Kimiya) · Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 37–57

DOI
10.15575/jtk.v11i1.55586
ISSN
2527-9637, 2527-6816
Terbit
2026-06-07
Penerbit
Department of Chemistry Education, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biomimetic material widely used in toothpaste due to its structural similarity to dental enamel. This study aimed to develop an antibacterial toothpaste using HA synthesized from eggshell waste via a microwave-assisted method and enriched with avocado seed (Persea americana Mill.). HA was prepared at a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 using EDTA as a chelating agent and characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The results confirmed the formation of HA with residual calcite and nanoscale morphology. The optimal EDTA:Ca ratio (0.5:1) yielded the highest HA fraction (82.5 wt%) and crystallinity (78.23%). All toothpaste formulations met physicochemical standards, with pH ranging from 8.93 to 10.0, foam stability between 72.4% and 94.1%, and spreadability between 3.0 and 4.7 cm. Antibacterial tests against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25125 revealed that avocado seed powder exhibited strong initial inhibition (37.7 mm) but decreased after 30 days of storage, while the extract provided more stable activity (10.09 mm). These findings indicate the potential of combining HA with avocado seed derivatives as a natural and sustainable antibacterial toothpaste formulation. The finding that avocado seed extract exhibits more stable antibacterial activity than powder is particularly important for pharmaceutical industries and dental biomaterial development, as it highlights the necessity of using extract-based formulations to ensure long-term efficacy and shelf stability.

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  • Padjadjaran University
  • Bandung Institute of Technology
  • Universitas Jenderal Achmad Yani
  • Mulawarman University
  • Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Bandung
  • Sebelas Maret University
  • University of Malaya
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Mukhamad NurhadiMulawarman University3
Iis Intan WidiyowatiMulawarman University3
Muhamad R. S. SidikPadjadjaran University3
Yessi PermanaBandung Institute of Technology2
Irwan KurniaPadjadjaran University2
Muhammad Rizki RamadhanAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Eko Prabowo HadisantosoSunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Bandung1
Ferli Septi IrwansyahSunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Bandung1
Alfi Ikhlasul AmalSunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Bandung1
Diana Rakhmawaty EddyPadjadjaran University1
Azman Ma’amorUniversity of Malaya1
Risdiana RisdianaPadjadjaran University1
Ratna KusumawardaniMulawarman University1
Akrajas Ali UmarNational University of Malaysia1
NurlelasariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Unang SupratmanPadjadjaran University1
Wahyu SafriansyahPadjadjaran University1
Muhammad Badrul HudaDiponegoro University1
Mohamad FajarPadjadjaran University1
Witri Wahyu LestariSebelas Maret University1
Ubed Sonai Fahruddin ArroziState University of Malang1
Wirawan CiptonugrohoSebelas Maret University1
Ismunandar IsmuAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Bambang PrijamboediBandung Institute of Technology1
I Nyoman MarsihBandung Institute of Technology1
Anceu MurniatiUniversitas Jenderal Achmad Yani1
Jasmansyah JasmansyahUniversitas Jenderal Achmad Yani1
Arie HardianUniversitas Jenderal Achmad Yani1
Muhammad RezaBandung Institute of Technology1
Yanuar SetiadiNational Nuclear Energy Agency of Indonesia1
Farah Nur FauziyahUniversitas Jenderal Achmad Yani1
Teguh KaryaUniversitas Jenderal Achmad Yani1
Dani Gustaman SyarifNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Kiki Adi KurniaBandung Institute of Technology1
Ismunandar IsmunandarBandung Institute of Technology1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/tadris-kimiya/oai, pertama di-harvest 7 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Eggshell-Derived Hydroxyapatite for Antibacterial Toothpaste Enriched with Avocado Seed Powder and Extract</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Putri, Gabrielle Callista Dwi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Noviyanti, Atiek Rostika</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Budiman, Yudha Prawira</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Suryana, Suryana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ma’Amor, Azman Bin</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">antibacterial</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">avocado seed</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">hydroxyapatite</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">microwave-assisted</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">toothpaste</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a biomimetic material widely used in toothpaste due to its structural similarity to dental enamel. This study aimed to develop an antibacterial toothpaste using HA synthesized from eggshell waste via a microwave-assisted method and enriched with avocado seed (Persea americana Mill.). HA was prepared at a Ca/P ratio of 1.67 using EDTA as a chelating agent and characterized by XRD, FTIR, and SEM. The results confirmed the formation of HA with residual calcite and nanoscale morphology. The optimal EDTA:Ca ratio (0.5:1) yielded the highest HA fraction (82.5 wt%) and crystallinity (78.23%). All toothpaste formulations met physicochemical standards, with pH ranging from 8.93 to 10.0, foam stability between 72.4% and 94.1%, and spreadability between 3.0 and 4.7 cm. Antibacterial tests against Streptococcus mutans ATCC 25125 revealed that avocado seed powder exhibited strong initial inhibition (37.7 mm) but decreased after 30 days of storage, while the extract provided more stable activity (10.09 mm). These findings indicate the potential of combining HA with avocado seed derivatives as a natural and sustainable antibacterial toothpaste formulation. The finding that avocado seed extract exhibits more stable antibacterial activity than powder is particularly important for pharmaceutical industries and dental biomaterial development, as it highlights the necessity of using extract-based formulations to ensure long-term efficacy and shelf stability.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Department of Chemistry Education,  UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-06-07</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/tadris-kimiya/article/view/55586</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15575/jtk.v11i1.55586</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">JTK (Jurnal Tadris Kimiya); Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026); 37-57</dc:source>
	<dc:source xml:lang="id-ID">Jurnal Tadris Kimiya; Vol 11 No 1 (2026); 37-57</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2527-9637</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2527-6816</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15575/jtk.v11i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/tadris-kimiya/article/view/55586/16638</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 Gabrielle Callista Dwi Putri, Atiek Rostika Noviyanti, Yudha Prawira Budiman, Suryana Suryana, Azman Bin Ma’Amor</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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