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Strategic Ambiguity in Governing Religious Deviance: Policy Inconsistency, Social Stability, and Human Rights in Indonesia

Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya · Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 17–34

DOI
10.15575/jw.v11i1.52069
ISSN
2502-3489, 2527-3213
Terbit
2026-06-30
Penerbit
the Faculty of Ushuluddin, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Indonesia has an extensive regulatory framework for governing religious life, yet allegations of religious deviance continue to expose a tension between state regulation, social stability, and the constitutional protection of freedom of religion or belief. This article examines Indonesia from 2000 to 2020 and shows that, despite having legal and administrative tools, the government’s inconsistent application of them functions as a deliberate form of strategic ambiguity. Using a qualitative design, the study combines document analysis of key regulations and policy instruments with comparative case analysis of seven selected cases of groups labelled aliran sesat (lit. “deviant streams”) between 2000 and 2020. The data, including fatwas issued by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), government regulations, human rights reports, media chronologies, and scholarly literature, are analysed through thematic coding informed by Dunn’s policy framework and Blumer’s symbolic interactionism. The analysis identifies four recurring policy patterns: (1) selective law enforcement based on perceived social impact; (2) reactive rather than proactive government response; (3) selective adoption of MUI recommendations or fatwas; and (4) asymmetrical protection of rights. These patterns generate legal uncertainty and unequal protection, disproportionately affecting minority groups whose freedom of religion or belief is constitutionally guaranteed. The article argues that policy ambiguity is not merely an implementation failure, but a strategic governance pattern produced by competing imperatives of public order, majoritarian religious authority, and rights commitments. It recommends clearer procedural thresholds, rights-based early response mechanisms, and transparent institutional accountability in handling allegations of religious deviance, offering insights for the broader study of religion, society, and minority rights in plural contexts such as Indonesia.

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  • Institut Agama Islam Negeri Manado
  • State University of Malang
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Faradila HasanAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Rosdalina BukidoInstitut Agama Islam Negeri Manado4
ImamuddinAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Nurlaila HarunAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Lutfi Budi IlmawanState University of Malang1
Miftahul JannahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hilman AsyrafiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nita HandayaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Fadly ShabirAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
ArysespajayadiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Salma MursyidAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Naskur BilaluAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Syahrul Mubarak SubeitanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Henky FernandoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Yuniar Galuh LarasatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Edi GunawanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nur AzizahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Djihan Magfirah RivaiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Yasin YasinInstitut Agama Islam Negeri Manado1
Suprijati SaribAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Willya EvraAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Irwansyah IrwansyahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Juliet Ningrum IrawanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ahmad RajafiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Evra WillyaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Irfan DjabliAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jw/oai, pertama di-harvest 7 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc)
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Strategic Ambiguity in Governing Religious Deviance: Policy Inconsistency, Social Stability, and Human Rights in Indonesia</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Yusuf, Nasruddin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Jamal, Ridwan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Makka, Misbahul Munir</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Heretical Sect</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Government Policy</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Social Stability</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Human Rights</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Indonesia has an extensive regulatory framework for governing religious life, yet allegations of religious deviance continue to expose a tension between state regulation, social stability, and the constitutional protection of freedom of religion or belief. This article examines Indonesia from 2000 to 2020 and shows that, despite having legal and administrative tools, the government’s inconsistent application of them functions as a deliberate form of strategic ambiguity. Using a qualitative design, the study combines document analysis of key regulations and policy instruments with comparative case analysis of seven selected cases of groups labelled aliran sesat (lit. “deviant streams”) between 2000 and 2020. The data, including fatwas issued by the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI), government regulations, human rights reports, media chronologies, and scholarly literature, are analysed through thematic coding informed by Dunn’s policy framework and Blumer’s symbolic interactionism. The analysis identifies four recurring policy patterns: (1) selective law enforcement based on perceived social impact; (2) reactive rather than proactive government response; (3) selective adoption of MUI recommendations or fatwas; and (4) asymmetrical protection of rights. These patterns generate legal uncertainty and unequal protection, disproportionately affecting minority groups whose freedom of religion or belief is constitutionally guaranteed. The article argues that policy ambiguity is not merely an implementation failure, but a strategic governance pattern produced by competing imperatives of public order, majoritarian religious authority, and rights commitments. It recommends clearer procedural thresholds, rights-based early response mechanisms, and transparent institutional accountability in handling allegations of religious deviance, offering insights for the broader study of religion, society, and minority rights in plural contexts such as Indonesia.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">the Faculty of Ushuluddin, UIN Sunan Gunung Djati Bandung</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-06-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jw/article/view/52069</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15575/jw.v11i1.52069</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya; Vol. 11 No. 1 (2026); 17-34</dc:source>
	<dc:source xml:lang="id-ID">Wawasan: Jurnal Ilmiah Agama dan Sosial Budaya; Vol 11 No 1 (2026); 17-34</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2502-3489</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2527-3213</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15575/jw.v11i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/jw/article/view/52069/16679</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 Nasruddin Yusuf, Ridwan Jamal, Misbahul Munir Makka</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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