Food Consumption and Family Income Associated with Chronic Energy Deficiency in Pregnant Women in Coastal Areas of Indonesia: Systematic Review: Konsumsi Makan dan Tingkat Pendapatan Keluarga dengan Kejadian Kekurangan Energi Kronik Pada Ibu Hamil di Wilayah Pesisir di Indonesia: Tinjauan Pustaka Sistematis

Abstrak

Inggris

Background: In Indonesia, Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED) is still a prevalent nutritional concern among pregnant women. CED is characterized by symptoms including anemia, bleeding, irregular maternal weight gain, and infection. CED in pregnant women is multifactorial, with food consumption intake serving as a direct contributor, and cultural factors as well as family income levels exert the indirect ones. Notably, pregnant women living in coastal areas tend to have low purchasing power, which in turn affects food intake and amplifies the risk of CED. Objectives: Analyzing the relationship between food consumption patterns and family income levels with the incidence of CED during pregnancy in coastal areas based on the results of other authors’ researches. Methods: This systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines to select and assess the quality of the articles. Data sources came from PubMed, DOAJ, Garuda Portal, Proquest, and Google Scholar from 2013-2022. The keywords used were "Food Consumption” AND “Family Income” AND “Chronic Energy Deficiency Incidence” AND “Pregnancy in Coastal Areas”, AND “Socio-Cultural”, AND “Health Services”, AND “Food Access” and produced 18 articles. Discussions: Thirteen of 18 articles studied only discussed one variable, namely food consumption or family income, and five journals discussed two variables, namely food consumption and family income. 12 of 13 articles stated a significant relationship between food consumption and the incidence of CED in pregnancy in coastal areas; one article concluded the opposite. Pregnant women in coastal areas have a higher risk of experiencing CED due to low family income and lack of access to nutritious food. Conclusions: Prevention of CED for pregnant women in coastal areas is carried out by increasing family income and access to sufficient nutritious food.

Bahasa Indonesia

Latar Belakang: Defisit energi kronis (KEK) merupakan malnutrisi pada ibu hamil dan menjadi masalah gizi di Indonesia. KEK pada ibu hamil menyebabkan anemia, perdarahan, tidak teraturnya kenaikan berat badan ibu, dan infeksi. KEK dipengaruhi asupan konsumsi makanan, yang secara tidak langsung juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor budaya dan tingkat pendapatan keluarga. Ibu hamil yang tinggal di wilayah pesisir cenderung memiliki daya beli rendah. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara pola konsumsi makan dan tingkat pendapatan keluarga dengan kejadian KEK selama kehamilan di wilayah pesisir berdasarkan hasil penelitian penulis lain. Metode: Manuskrip ini merupakan hasil tinjauan literatur sistematis. Sumber data berasal dari PubMed, DOAJ, Garuda Portal, Proquest, dan Google Scholar mulai tahun 2013-2022. Kata kunci yang digunakan adalah “Food Consumption” AND “Family Income” AND “Chronic Energy Deficiency Incidence” AND “Pregnancy in Coastal Areas”, AND “Socio-Cultural”, AND “Health Services”, AND “Food Access” dan menghasilkan 18 artikel. Prisma digunakan untuk seleksi dan menilai kualitas artikel. Diskusi: Tiga belas dari 18 artikel yang dikaji hanya membahas satu variabel yaitu konsumsi makanan atau pendapatan keluarga dan lima jurnal membahas dua variabel yaitu konsumsi makanan dan pendapatan keluarga. Dua belas dari tiga belas artikel tersebut menyatakan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara konsumsi pangan dengan kejadian KEK pada kehamilan di wilayah pesisir dan satu artikel menyimpulkan hal sebaliknya. Ibu hamil di wilayah pesisir memiliki risiko lebih tinggi mengalami KEK karena rendahnya pendapatan keluarga dan kurangnya akses terhadap makanan bergizi. Kesimpulan: Pencegahan KEK ibu hamil di wilayah pesisir dilakukan dengan meningkatkan pendapatan keluarga dan akses makanan bergizi yang mencukupi.

Kata kunci

• Kekurangan Energi Kronik (KEK)
• Ibu Hamil
• Konsumsi Makanan
• Pendapatan Keluarga
• Pesisir
• Chronic Energy Deficiency (CED)
• Pregnant Women
• Food Consumption
• Family Income
• Coast