Dietary Patterns, Physical Activity, and Obesity among Indonesian Urban Workers: Pola Makan, Aktivitas Fisik, dan Obesitas pada Pekerja Urban di Indonesia

Abstrak

Inggris

Background: The increasing prevalence of obesity has become a significant public health concern in Indonesia, particularly among urban workers who often lead sedentary lifestyles and adopt unfavorable dietary patterns. Objectives: To analyze the correlation between dietary patterns, physical activity levels, and obesity among urban workers in Indonesia. Methods: Major dietary patterns were derived using principal component analysis from a 17-item food frequency completed by urban workers in the fifth wave of Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS). Self-reported physical activity is assessed by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Height and weight were measured to determine nutritional status based on Body Mass Index (BMI), which is then categorized into obese and non-obese urban workers. The association between dietary patterns, physical activity levels, and obesity was analyzed using logistic regression. Results: A total of 10,381 urban workers participated in the study. Four major dietary patterns were identified: a Western dietary pattern characterized by a high intake of fast food, meat, sugary snacks, dairy, and soft drinks; a prudent dietary characterized by fruit and vegetables; a modern dietary pattern characterized by instant noodles, fried snacks, and eggs consumption; and a traditional Indonesian pattern characterized by rice, vegetables, sambal (chili sauce), and fish consumption. Participants adhering to the Western dietary pattern had higher odds of obesity. In contrast, those adhering to the prudent dietary pattern and active physical activity showed lower odds of obesity. Conclusions: Western dietary patterns are associated with an increased risk of obesity, while prudent dietary patterns and active physical activity are inversely associated with obesity in Indonesian urban workers.

Bahasa Indonesia

Latar Belakang: Meningkatnya prevalensi obesitas menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang signifikan di Indonesia, terutama di kalangan pekerja urban yang sering menjalani gaya hidup sedentari dan menerapkan pola makan yang kurang baik. Tujuan: menganalisis hubungan antara pola makan, tingkat aktivitas fisik, dan obesitas pada pekerja urban di Indonesia. Metode: Pola makan utama dianalisis menggunakan Principal Component Analysis dari 17 item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) yang diisi oleh pekerja urban dalam Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) wave 5. Aktivitas fisik dinilai berdasarkan International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Tinggi dan berat badan diukur untuk mengetahui status gizi berdasarkan Indeks Massa Tubuh (IMT). Hubungan antara pola makan, tingkat aktivitas fisik, dan obesitas dianalisis menggunakan analisis regresi logistik, disesuaikan dengan variabel perancu potensial. Hasil: Sebanyak 10.806 pekerja urban berpartisipasi dalam penelitian ini. Empat pola makan utama diidentifikasi: pola makan tradisional Indonesia yang ditandai dengan konsumsi nasi, sayuran, dan ikan; pola makan Western yang ditandai dengan tingginya asupan makanan olahan dan minuman manis; pola makan modern yang ditandai dengan konsumsi mi instan, gorengan, dan telur; dan pola makan prudent yang ditandai dengan konsumsi buah dan sayuran. Partisipan yang mengikuti pola makan Western berisiko mengalami obesitas yang lebih tinggi, sedangkan mereka yang mengikuti pola makan prudent menunjukkan risiko obesitas yang lebih rendah. Selain itu, aktivitas fisik yang tidak memadai berisiko mengalami obesitas yang lebih tinggi. Kesimpulan: Penerapan pola makan Western dan aktivitas fisik yang kurang merupakan faktor risiko independen untuk obesitas pada pekerja urban di Indonesia.

Kata kunci

• dietary pattern
• obesity
• physical activity
• urban worker
• Dietary Patterns
• Urban Workers