Maternal Factors and Feeding Practices of Children Under Five with and without Malnutrition: Faktor Ibu dan Praktik Pemberian Makan Balita dengan dan tanpa Malnutrisi

Abstrak

Inggris

Background: Feeding practices are associated with malnutrition. Objectives: To analyze differences in maternal factors and feeding practices of children under five with and without malnutrition. Methods: The research was conducted from March to October 2024 in the city of Semarang. The sample size consisted of 97 subjects (P=0.5; Zα=1.96; d=0.1). Inclusion criteria included mothers as primary caregivers, in good health and not pregnant, and toddlers with no history of recurrent or chronic infectious diseases. The variables studied were maternal factors (maternal age at childbirth, number of children, maternal education level, maternal occupation, family income, maternal nutrition knowledge, and attitudes related to feeding), feeding practices (dietary diversity, consumption of main meals and snacks, variety of cooking methods, feeding responsiveness, and feeding during illness and recovery), and nutritional status of toddlers (normal, wasting-stunting, stunting, wasting, and overweight or obesity). Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire and were analyzed descriptively and bivariately. Results: There were significant differences in child characteristics (low birth weight [LBW] status), maternal characteristics (maternal nutritional status, maternal income, and maternal nutrition knowledge), and feeding practices (frequency of healthy snack consumption, maternal cooking methods, feeding responsiveness, provision of children's preferred foods, and forcing children to finish meals) based on their nutritional status (p-value<0.05). Conclusions: Differences in LBW status, maternal nutritional status, maternal income, maternal nutrition knowledge, frequency of healthy snack consumption, cooking methods, feeding responsiveness, provision of children's preferred foods,coercion to finish meals, and maternal nutrition status were found between mothers with and without children experiencing malnutrition. Prevention of malnutrition among toddlers from at-risk families is necessary, especially through education and assistance to optimize responsive feeding patterns and improve the quality and quantity of nutritional intake.

Bahasa Indonesia

Latar Belakang: Pola asuh pemberian makan telah diketahui berhubungan dengan malnutrisi. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan faktor ibu dan praktik pemberian makan balita dengan dan tanpa malnutrisi. Metode: Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Maret-Oktober 2024 di Kota Semarang. Besar sampel sebanyak 97 subjek (P=0,5; Zα=1,96; d=0,1). Kriteria inklusi meliputi: ibu sebagai pengasuh utama, kondisi sehat dan tidak sedang hamil, dan balita tidak mempunyai riwayat penyakit infeksi berulang/kronis. Variabel yang diteliti yaitu faktor ibu (usia ibu saat melahirkan, jumlah anak, tingkat pendidikan ibu, pekerjaan ibu, pendapatan keluarga, pengetahuan dan sikap terkait pemberian makan), praktik pemberian makan (keragaman pangan, konsumsi makanan utama dan camilan, variasi metode memasak, feeding responsiveness, pemberian makan saat anak sakit dan pemulihan), dan status gizi balita (normal, wasting-stunting, stunting, wasting, dan overweight obesity). Data dikumpulkan dengan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner terstruktur dan dianalisis secara deskriptif dan bivariat. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan signifikan karakteristik anak (status kelahiran berat bayi lahir rendah [BBLR]), karakteristik ibu (status gizi ibu dan penghasilan ibu), dan praktik pemberian makan (frekuensi konsumsi cemilan sehat, metode memasak, feeding responsiveness, pemberian makanan favorit anak, pemaksaan kepada anak agar menghabiskan makan, dan pengetahuan gizi ibu) berdasarkan status gizi anak (p-value<0,05). Kesimpulan: Perbedaan status kelahiran BBLR, status gizi ibu, penghasilan ibu, frekuensi konsumsi cemilan sehat, metode memasak, feeding responsiveness, pemberian makanan favorit anak, pemaksaan kepada anak agar menghabiskan makan, dan pengetahuan gizi ibu ditemukan pada ibu balita malnutrisi. Pencegahan malnutrisi balita dari keluarga berisiko penting untuk dilakukan, terutama edukasi dan pendampingan untuk mengoptimalkan pola asuh pemberian makan responsif, kualitas, dan kuantitas asupan zat gizi.

Kata kunci

• Balita
• Faktor Ibu
• Malnutrisi
• Pemberian Makan
• Under-Five Children
• Maternal Factors
• Malnutrition
• Feeding Practices