Vitamin B1 and B6 Deficiency, Nutrient Intake, and IGF-1 Levels as Risk Factors for Stunting in Children Aged 24-60 Months: Defisiensi Vitamin B1 dan B6, Asupan Gizi, serta Kadar IGF-1 sebagai Faktor Risiko Stunting pada Anak Usia 24-60 Bulan

Abstrak

Inggris

Background: Stunted growth in height, caused by chronic malnutrition, is most prevalent among children in Indonesia, with the highest rates observed in the province of East Nusa Tenggara. The balance of macronutrients and micronutrients plays a crucial role in regulating IGF-1, which is essential for height growth. Objectives: This study aims to analyze the differences in macronutrient and micronutrient levels, as well as IGF-1, between stunted and normal children, and to examine their impact on the incidence of stunting. Methods: The research was conducted in Langke Rembong District, Manggarai Regency, from October to December 2024. This case-control study involved 80 respondents, comprising 40 children in the stunted group and 40 in the normal group. Nutritional intake was assessed using a 24-hour food recall and analyzed with the Nutrisurvey 2007 application, with results compared to the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA). IGF-1 levels were measured from serum using the ELISA test. Univariate statistical tests and the Mann-Whitney U test were used to analyze the differences in macro and micronutrient as well as IGF-1 between the two groups and their impact on the incidence of stunting. Results: There were significant differences in the intake of macronutrients, including carbohydrates, protein, and fat (p-value<0.001); micronutrients, including vitamin A, B1, B2, B6, magnesium, iron, zinc, and phosphorus (p-value<0.001), as well as vitamin C (p-value=0.018) and calcium (p-value=0.007); and in IGF-1 levels (p-value=0.030) between stunted and normal children. Children aged 24-60 months had a stunting risk of 38.07 and 25.38 when deficient in vitamin B1 and vitamin B6, respectively. Conclusions: To combat and prevent stunting, it is crucial to monitor micronutrient intake, particularly vitamins B1 and B6.

Bahasa Indonesia

Latar Belakang: Stunting merupakan terhambatnya pertumbuhan tinggi badan karena malnutrisi kronis yang paling prevalen di kalangan anak Indonesia dan tertinggi di provinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Keseimbangan makronutrien dan mikronutrien berpengaruh dalam sintesis IGF-1 menjadi faktor penting pertumbuhan tinggi badan. Tujuan: Untuk menganalisis perbedaan asupan makronutrien dan mikronutrien serta kadar IGF-1 pada anak Stunting dan anak normal, serta pengaruhnya dengan kejadian stunting. Metode: Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kecamatan Langke Rembong, Kabupaten Manggarai, bulan Oktober-Desember 2024. Penelitian dengan metode case-control melibatkan 80 anak terdiri dari 40 kelompok stunting dan 40 kelompok normal. Asupan gizi diukur dengan formulir food recall 24 jam, dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi Nutrisurvey 2007 dan hasilnya dibandingkan dengan Angka Kecukupan Gizi (AKG). Kadar IGF-1, diuji ELISA dari serum. Uji stastistik univariat dan uji Mann-Witney U untuk menganalisis perbedaan asupan makro dan mikronutrien serta kadar IGF-1 pada kedua kelompok serta pengaruhnya dengan kejadian stunting. Hasil: Terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan asupan makronutrien seperti karbohidrat, protein dan lemak (p-value<0,001); asupan mironutren seperti vitamin A, Vitamin B1, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B6, Magnesium, Zat Besi, Seng dan Fosfor (p-value<0,001), Vitamin C (p-value=0,018) dan Kalsium (p-value=0,007); serta kadar IGF-1 (p-value=0,030) pada kelompok anak stunting dan anak normal. Anak usia 24-60 bulan memiliki resiko stunting 38,07 dan 25,38 jika kekurangan asupan Vitamin B1 dan Vitamin B6. Kesimpulan: Dalam upaya penanggulangan dan pencegahan stunting, sangat penting untuk memonitor asupan zat gizi mikro khususnya jumlah Vitamin B1 dab B6.

Kata kunci

• Macronutrient
• Micronutrient
• Stunting
• IGF-1
• Makronutrien
• Mikronutrien