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Electric Delta Trike Stability Characteristic and Maneuverability Analysis: Experiment and Multi-Body Dynamic Simulation

Automotive Experiences · Vol. 5 No. 3 (2022) · hlm. 389–401

DOI
10.31603/ae.7070
ISSN
2615-6636, 2615-6202
Terbit
2022-07-10
Penerbit
Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang
Bahasa
en

Abstrak

This paper reveals the stability characteristics of an electric-powered delta trike (e-trike), which is developed for goods delivery services. The changeable center of gravity position and weight due to electric component placement and the carried good weight can cause instability of the e-trike. Three main parameters are firstly evaluated on the e-trike: 1) geometry, 2) center of gravity, and 3) stiffness and damping coefficient of the suspensions. Single Lane-Change (SLC) and Double Lane-Change (DLC) tests were then conducted following ISO 14791:2000 and ISO 3888-1:2018 standards, respectively. An e-trike model was created and simulated using SIMPACK, a multi-body dynamic software. The simulation results showed that the developed e-trike model can replicate SLC and DLC tests, indicating the model was valid. A parametric study with the validated model was then conducted with various e-trike weights, center of gravity position, and suspension stiffness and damping ratio values. The results showed additional weight and higher center of gravity position can decrease threshold velocity to avoid rollover. The low suspension stiffness also contributed to lower the threshold velocity. However, the damping coefficient value did not change the threshold velocity significantly. These results can be a guideline in designing a delta trike with better performance in stability and maneuverability.

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  • Bandung Institute of Technology
  • Indonesia University of Education
  • Sampoerna University
  • Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
  • The University of Tokyo
  • Universitas Sumatera Utara
  • Universitas Airlangga
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Muhamad Rausyan FikriSampoerna University4
Asep Bayu Dani NandiyantoIndonesia University of Education4
Fitri EndrasariSampoerna University3
Siti Nur HofifahIndonesia University of Education2
Gabriela Chelvina Santiuly GirsangIndonesia University of Education2
Silmi Ridwan PutriIndonesia University of Education2
Abdulkareem Sh. Mahdi Al‐ObaidiTaylor's University2
Dito Ata'ul Momin WicaksonoBandung Institute of Technology2
Syafiq Ade PriyatamaBandung Institute of Technology2
Andika Pandu NugrohoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Raihan WiradibrataAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Anggi Regiana AgustinAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Lei TianqiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Agung WibowoBandung Institute of Technology2
Bentang Arief BudimanBandung Institute of Technology2
Wervyan ShalannandaBandung Institute of Technology1
Fajri Anugerah Pramadhana KornelBandung Institute of Technology1
Naufal Rafi HibatullahBandung Institute of Technology1
Fahmi FahmiUniversitas Sumatera Utara1
Erwin SutantoUniversitas Airlangga1
Muhammad YazidUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Muhammad Imran HamidAndalas University1
Sri Mumpuni Ngesti RahajuUniversitas Bung Karno1
Ibham VezaUniversiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka1
Noreffendy TamaldinUniversiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka1
Ahmed SuleKogi State College of Education, Ankpa1
Anthony Chukwunonso OpiaNiger Delta University1
Mohammed Bashir AbdulrahmanFederal Polytechnic, Mubi1
Dwi Fitria Al HusaeniIndonesia University of Education1
Dwi Novia Al HusaeniIndonesia University of Education1
Risti RagadhitaIndonesia University of Education1
Meli FiandiniIndonesia University of Education1
Ibdal SsatarAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/AutomotiveExperiences/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Electric Delta Trike Stability Characteristic and Maneuverability Analysis: Experiment and Multi-Body Dynamic Simulation</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nurprasetio, Ignatius Pulung</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Widyantara, Robby Dwianto</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Budiman, Bentang Arief</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Lestaluhu, Rakshidatu</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Djamari, Djati Wibowo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Triawan, Farid</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Aziz, Muhammad</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Electric vehicle</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Delta trike</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Rollover</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Single lane-change</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Double lane-change</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Multi-body dynamic</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This paper reveals the stability characteristics of an electric-powered delta trike (e-trike), which is developed for goods delivery services. The changeable center of gravity position and weight due to electric component placement and the carried good weight can cause instability of the e-trike. Three main parameters are firstly evaluated on the e-trike: 1) geometry, 2) center of gravity, and 3) stiffness and damping coefficient of the suspensions. Single Lane-Change (SLC) and Double Lane-Change (DLC) tests were then conducted following ISO 14791:2000 and ISO 3888-1:2018 standards, respectively. An e-trike model was created and simulated using SIMPACK, a multi-body dynamic software. The simulation results showed that the developed e-trike model can replicate SLC and DLC tests, indicating the model was valid. A parametric study with the validated model was then conducted with various e-trike weights, center of gravity position, and suspension stiffness and damping ratio values. The results showed additional weight and higher center of gravity position can decrease threshold velocity to avoid rollover. The low suspension stiffness also contributed to lower the threshold velocity. However, the damping coefficient value did not change the threshold velocity significantly. These results can be a guideline in designing a delta trike with better performance in stability and maneuverability.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2022-07-10</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unimma.ac.id/AutomotiveExperiences/article/view/7070</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.31603/ae.7070</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Automotive Experiences; Vol. 5 No. 3 (2022); 389-401</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-6636</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-6202</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unimma.ac.id/AutomotiveExperiences/article/view/7070/3465</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2022 Ignatius Pulung Nurprasetio, Robby Dwianto Widyantara, Bentang Arief Budiman, Rakshidatu Lestaluhu, Djati Wibowo Djamari, Farid Triawan, Muhammad Aziz</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>