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Effect of Graphene Oxide Addition on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Cycle-to-cycle Variation with Gasoline-ethanol Fuel

Automotive Experiences · Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 57–75

DOI
10.31603/ae.14237
ISSN
2615-6636, 2615-6202
Terbit
2026-02-13
Penerbit
Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang
Bahasa
en

Abstrak

A fuel blend of gasoline and ethanol increases octane, meets air quality standards, and satisfies renewable fuel mandates, but the blend does not always result in perfect bonding, causing fuel separation and increasing cyclic variation. To overcome these limitations, up to 60 ppm graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were added into an 80:20 gasoline-ethanol blend (E20) and tested for the first time on a spark-ignition (SI) engine. The engine performance was evaluated by measuring cyclic variation, combustion stability and pressure, torque and power, specific fuel consumption, and CO2 emission. The acquired data were then statistically treated by using a coefficient of variation (COV) and then evaluated with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in order to demonstrate a strong ability to accurately predict the optimization. Results show that the addition of GO nanoparticles into the E20 reduced the COV by up to 19.54% at an engine speed of 8000 rpm when compared to E20 alone, while the torque and power both increased by 5% at 5500 rpm. The specific fuel consumption of the GO-E20 blend was up to 15% higher than that of E20, with a decrease in CO emission but an increase in CO2 emission. Generally, the E20GO blend positively impacts the SI engine’s cyclic stability and performance, but its potential adverse effects on the environment and health must be carefully considered.

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  • Informatics and Business Institute Darmajaya
  • Universitas Halu Oleo
  • Cenderawasih University
  • Hasanuddin University
  • Indonesian Institute of Sciences
  • Universitas Pancasakti Makassar
  • Institut Teknologi Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Bambang SugiartoIndonesian Institute of Sciences5
Sri LestariInformatics and Business Institute Darmajaya2
Yulmaini YulmainiInformatics and Business Institute Darmajaya2
Sulyono SulyonoInformatics and Business Institute Darmajaya2
Nuniek WidiayaniHasanuddin University2
Riesta AnggaraniAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Cahyo Setyo WibowoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Yogi PramuditoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Sylvia SylviaInformatics and Business Institute Darmajaya1
Yan Aditiya PratamaInformatics and Business Institute Darmajaya1
Singgih Yulizar Ma'rufInformatics and Business Institute Darmajaya1
Ruki Rizal Nul FikriInformatics and Business Institute Darmajaya1
Supriyadi La WungoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Firman AzizUniversitas Pancasakti Makassar1
Jeffry JeffryInstitut Teknologi Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie1
Misbahuddin BuangAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Murni SabiluUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Rustam MustaUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Laily NurlianaUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Ratna RatnaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nasra NasraAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Aisyah AisyahUniversitas Halu Oleo1
La Ode MuharamUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Aris BadaraUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Irianto IbrahimAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Bahtera Samudra S TaringanCenderawasih University1
Ansar CSCenderawasih University1
Herlinda Yana SariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Asmiaty SahurHasanuddin University1
Isma Muliani JasadinaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/AutomotiveExperiences/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Effect of Graphene Oxide Addition on Spark Ignition Engine Performance and Cycle-to-cycle Variation with Gasoline-ethanol Fuel</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Agama, Askar Adika</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Auzani, Ahmad Syihan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Madsuha, Alfian Ferdiansyah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Hermawan, Hendra</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Kurniawan, Ade</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Mokhtar, Mokhtar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Aswin, Aswin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nasruddin, Nasruddin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nugroho, Yulianto Sulistyo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Harinaldi, Harinaldi</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Graphene Oxide</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Ethanol</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Spark-ignition Engine</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Performance</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Cycle-to-cycle Variations</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">A fuel blend of gasoline and ethanol increases octane, meets air quality standards, and satisfies renewable fuel mandates, but the blend does not always result in perfect bonding, causing fuel separation and increasing cyclic variation. To overcome these limitations, up to 60 ppm graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were added into an 80:20 gasoline-ethanol blend (E20) and tested for the first time on a spark-ignition (SI) engine. The engine performance was evaluated by measuring cyclic variation, combustion stability and pressure, torque and power, specific fuel consumption, and CO2 emission. The acquired data were then statistically treated by using a coefficient of variation (COV) and then evaluated with Response Surface Methodology (RSM) in order to demonstrate a strong ability to accurately predict the optimization. Results show that the addition of GO nanoparticles into the E20 reduced the COV by up to 19.54% at an engine speed of 8000 rpm when compared to E20 alone, while the torque and power both increased by 5% at 5500 rpm. The specific fuel consumption of the GO-E20 blend was up to 15% higher than that of E20, with a decrease in CO emission but an increase in CO2 emission. Generally, the E20GO blend positively impacts the SI engine’s cyclic stability and performance, but its potential adverse effects on the environment and health must be carefully considered.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-02-13</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unimma.ac.id/AutomotiveExperiences/article/view/14237</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.31603/ae.14237</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Automotive Experiences; Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026); 57-75</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-6636</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-6202</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unimma.ac.id/AutomotiveExperiences/article/view/14237/6701</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Askar Adika Agama, Ahmad Syihan Auzani, Alfian Ferdiansyah Madsuha, Hendra Hermawan, Ade Kurniawan, Mokhtar Mokhtar, Aswin Aswin, Nasruddin Nasruddin, Yulianto Sulistyo Nugroho, Harinaldi Harinaldi</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>