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Synthesis of Waste Cooking Oil Based Bioadditive Through Transesterification and Its Feasibility as Lubricity Enhancer Bioadditives for Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Preliminary Investigation

Automotive Experiences · Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025) · hlm. 436–451

DOI
10.31603/ae.14461
ISSN
2615-6636, 2615-6202
Terbit
2025-09-25
Penerbit
Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang
Bahasa
en

Abstrak

Desulfurization of diesel fuel, which is considered to reduce pollution, causes a decrease in its lubrication power. As a result, the friction between surfaces of the engine increases, and it wears out easily. Therefore, it is necessary to increase diesel fuel lubricity through the addition of additives. Waste cooking oil modified to 2-hydroxypropyl esters has a prospect to be a lubricity-enhancing bioadditive. Polar and non-polar groups contain in 2-hydroxypropyl ester can form a bilayer on the surface of the engine that prevents friction between metal components. Synthesis of 2-hydroxypropyl esters was carried out by transesterification at 150°C for 10 hours. The mole ratio of oil to propylene glycol was adjusted to 1:7 with the loading of CaO 7% w/w oil as catalyst. The yield of the product is 88.89%. The product was identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that 2-hydroxypropyl palmitate and 2-hydroxypropyl oleate have dominant relative abundance with percentages of 42.46% and 57.44%, respectively. According to the molecular review as preliminary investigation, this compound has the potential to deliver better lubricity than ester-only biolubricants. Therefore, 2-hydroxypropyl ester can be proposed as an alternative bioadditive for low-sulfur diesel fuel lubricity enhancer.

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  • Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
R. Arizal FirmansyahAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Nirmala Puteri BatariAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Talitha Fitra FirdausyaAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Rizka Berliana PutriAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Yuly KusumawatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Sovia Masfuri Walidatus SholihahAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Rhiby Ainur Basit HariyantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Ridho BayuajiInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember1
Hamzah FansuriAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Rendy Muhamad IqbalAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Warih SupriadiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Silvana Dwi NurherdianaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ririn Eva HidayatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Subaer SubaerAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/AutomotiveExperiences/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Synthesis of Waste Cooking Oil Based Bioadditive Through Transesterification and Its Feasibility as Lubricity Enhancer Bioadditives for Low-Sulfur Diesel Fuel: Preliminary Investigation</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Zetra, Yulfi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Rizka, Rizka Berliana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Firdhausya, Talitha Fitra</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Firdausa, Yunita Alfiyati</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Burhan, R. Y. Perry</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">2-hydroxypropyl esters</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Bioadditive</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Lubricity</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Transesterification</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Desulfurization of diesel fuel, which is considered to reduce pollution, causes a decrease in its lubrication power. As a result, the friction between surfaces of the engine increases, and it wears out easily. Therefore, it is necessary to increase diesel fuel lubricity through the addition of additives. Waste cooking oil modified to 2-hydroxypropyl esters has a prospect to be a lubricity-enhancing bioadditive. Polar and non-polar groups contain in 2-hydroxypropyl ester can form a bilayer on the surface of the engine that prevents friction between metal components. Synthesis of 2-hydroxypropyl esters was carried out by transesterification at 150°C for 10 hours. The mole ratio of oil to propylene glycol was adjusted to 1:7 with the loading of CaO 7% w/w oil as catalyst. The yield of the product is 88.89%. The product was identified by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The result showed that 2-hydroxypropyl palmitate and 2-hydroxypropyl oleate have dominant relative abundance with percentages of 42.46% and 57.44%, respectively. According to the molecular review as preliminary investigation, this compound has the potential to deliver better lubricity than ester-only biolubricants. Therefore, 2-hydroxypropyl ester can be proposed as an alternative bioadditive for low-sulfur diesel fuel lubricity enhancer.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-09-25</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unimma.ac.id/AutomotiveExperiences/article/view/14461</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.31603/ae.14461</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Automotive Experiences; Vol. 8 No. 2 (2025); 436-451</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-6636</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-6202</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unimma.ac.id/AutomotiveExperiences/article/view/14461/6189</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2025 Yulfi Zetra, Rizka Berliana Rizka, Talitha Fitra Firdhausya, Yunita Alfiyati Firdausa, R. Y. Perry Burhan</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>