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Crashworthiness and Failure Mechanism of Polylactic Acid Multi-Cell Tubes Hybridized with Aluminum/Copper Under Axial Compression

Automotive Experiences · Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 160–178

DOI
10.31603/ae.14485
ISSN
2615-6636, 2615-6202
Terbit
2026-03-31
Penerbit
Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang
Bahasa
en

Abstrak

This research investigates the crashworthiness performance and energy absorption behavior of crash boxes constructed from hybrid materials comprising Polylactic acid (PLA), aluminum (Al), and copper (Cu) under quasi-static axial compression. The crash box configuration comprises a PLA outer shell, an internal Al or Cu core, and PLA-based multi-cell structures with varying geometries, including circular, square, and hexagonal shapes. These components were fabricated through 3D printing and subjected to quasi-static axial compression testing. The experimental findings indicate that incorporating a hybrid core significantly enhances energy absorption capabilities. Among the tested configurations, the hexagonal multi-cell design exhibited the highest energy absorption, reaching 0.53 kJ. In addition, the CB-Al-H configuration, which uses an Al core, showed the highest specific energy absorption (SEA) of 77.77 kJ/kg and a crushing force efficiency (CFE) of 0.43%. This SEA value is approximately 69.17% higher than that of the copper-based configuration (CB-Cu-H), which recorded 45.98 kJ/kg with a CFE of 0.48%. The lower SEA observed in the copper-core configuration is primarily due to the higher Cu density, which increases the overall structural mass and consequently reduces specific energy absorption.

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/AutomotiveExperiences/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Crashworthiness and Failure Mechanism of Polylactic Acid Multi-Cell Tubes Hybridized with Aluminum/Copper Under Axial Compression</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Fadly, Muhammad Syaiful</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Anwar, Khairil</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Hamzah, Muhammad Sadat</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Antara, I Komang Diego</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Crashworthiness</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Hybrid crash box</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Polylactic acid</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Quasi-static test</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">3D printing</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Energy absorption</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">This research investigates the crashworthiness performance and energy absorption behavior of crash boxes constructed from hybrid materials comprising Polylactic acid (PLA), aluminum (Al), and copper (Cu) under quasi-static axial compression. The crash box configuration comprises a PLA outer shell, an internal Al or Cu core, and PLA-based multi-cell structures with varying geometries, including circular, square, and hexagonal shapes. These components were fabricated through 3D printing and subjected to quasi-static axial compression testing. The experimental findings indicate that incorporating a hybrid core significantly enhances energy absorption capabilities. Among the tested configurations, the hexagonal multi-cell design exhibited the highest energy absorption, reaching 0.53 kJ. In addition, the CB-Al-H configuration, which uses an Al core, showed the highest specific energy absorption (SEA) of 77.77 kJ/kg and a crushing force efficiency (CFE) of 0.43%. This SEA value is approximately 69.17% higher than that of the copper-based configuration (CB-Cu-H), which recorded 45.98 kJ/kg with a CFE of 0.48%. The lower SEA observed in the copper-core configuration is primarily due to the higher Cu density, which increases the overall structural mass and consequently reduces specific energy absorption.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-03-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unimma.ac.id/AutomotiveExperiences/article/view/14485</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.31603/ae.14485</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Automotive Experiences; Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026); 160-178</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-6636</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-6202</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unimma.ac.id/AutomotiveExperiences/article/view/14485/6706</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Syaiful Fadly, Khairil Anwar, Muhammad Sadat Hamzah, I Komang Diego Antara</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>