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Areca Catechu Biochar and Nano-Biochar as Adsorbents for Congo Red: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis · Vol. ume (2025) · hlm. 112–128

DOI
10.9767/bcrec.20322
ISSN
1978-2993
Terbit
2025-04-30
Penerbit
Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

The presence of hazardous synthetic dyes such as Congo Red in industrial wastewater poses a significant environmental threat. This study explores the potential of biochar (BC) and nano-biochar (nano-BC), derived from Areca catechu husk as sustainable adsorbents for dye removal. Nano-BC was synthesised via hydrothermal carbonisation and mechanical ball milling, leading to enhanced structural and surface properties. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed that the Pinang husk is predominantly amorphous, while BC exhibits increased crystallinity with sharp peaks, and nano-BC demonstrates the highest crystallinity and nanostructural refinement. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) confirmed the transformation of aliphatic-rich raw biomass into aromatic-dominant structures in BC and nano-BC, with nano-BC showing more pronounced graphite-like features. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) illustrated the morphological evolution, with nano-BC exhibiting refined, uniformly porous structures. BET analysis revealed that nano-BC has a significantly higher surface area 41.38 m²/g and smaller pore size 8.4928 nm compared to BC 22.38 m²/g and 15.39 nm, enhancing adsorption capacity. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, and isothermal analysis confirmed monolayer adsorption with the highest maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax = 154.526 mg/g). These findings highlight the superior adsorption performance of nano-BC, emphasising its potential for environmentally friendly water treatment applications. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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  • Universitas Halu Oleo
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Aldes LesbaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui19
Risfidian MohadiAfiliasi tidak diketahui14
Tarmizi TaherAfiliasi tidak diketahui7
Alfan WijayaAfiliasi tidak diketahui7
nur AhmadAfiliasi tidak diketahui7
Patimah Mega Syah Bahar Nur SiregarAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Mardiyanto MardiyantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Amri AmriAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Muhammad Arief DirgantoroUniversitas Halu Oleo3
Novie JuleantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Muhammad SaidAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Andi NurmasUniversitas Halu Oleo2
Terry PakkiUniversitas Halu Oleo2
Namriah NamriahUniversitas Halu Oleo2
Anna RozaliyaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Findra SetianingrumAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Mulyati TugiranAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Arini Fousty BadriAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
NormahAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Idha RoyaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Fitri Suryani ArsyadAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
IMRAN SUBAIRUniversitas Halu Oleo1
La Ode SafuanUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Waode Siti Anima HiseinUniversitas Halu Oleo1
SULWAN SULWANAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
TRESJIA CORINA RAKIANAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Idrus SalamUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Agustono SlametUniversitas Halu Oleo1
MUSLIMAH MUSLIMAHAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
AGUNG YUSWANAAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Sitti NurhalimahInstitut Agama Islam Negeri Kendari1
Tresjia Corina RakianUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Sitti LeomoUniversitas Halu Oleo1
Laode Muh. Harjoni KWAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Musadia AfaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Leny HartatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Areca Catechu Biochar and Nano-Biochar as Adsorbents for Congo Red: Synthesis, Characterization, and Performance Evaluation</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Adawiyah, Robiatul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yuliasari, Nova</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hanifah, Yulizah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Palapa, Neza Rahayu</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Nano-biochar; Congo red; Adsorption, Wastewater Treatment</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">The presence of hazardous synthetic dyes such as Congo Red in industrial wastewater poses a significant environmental threat. This study explores the potential of biochar (BC) and nano-biochar (nano-BC), derived from Areca catechu husk as sustainable adsorbents for dye removal. Nano-BC was synthesised via hydrothermal carbonisation and mechanical ball milling, leading to enhanced structural and surface properties. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) revealed that the Pinang husk is predominantly amorphous, while BC exhibits increased crystallinity with sharp peaks, and nano-BC demonstrates the highest crystallinity and nanostructural refinement. Fourier Transform Infra Red (FTIR) confirmed the transformation of aliphatic-rich raw biomass into aromatic-dominant structures in BC and nano-BC, with nano-BC showing more pronounced graphite-like features. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) illustrated the morphological evolution, with nano-BC exhibiting refined, uniformly porous structures. BET analysis revealed that nano-BC has a significantly higher surface area 41.38 m²/g and smaller pore size 8.4928 nm compared to BC 22.38 m²/g and 15.39 nm, enhancing adsorption capacity. Furthermore, the adsorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model, and isothermal analysis confirmed monolayer adsorption with the highest maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax = 154.526 mg/g). These findings highlight the superior adsorption performance of nano-BC, emphasising its potential for environmentally friendly water treatment applications. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US"></dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/20322</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.9767/bcrec.20322</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis; 2025: BCREC Volume 20 Issue 1 Year 2025 (April 2025); 112-128</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-2993</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/20322/9794</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20322/5576</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20322/5594</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>