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Visible-light Degradation of Methylene Blue using Energy-Efficient Carbon-Doped TiO2: Kinetic Study and Mechanism

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis · Vol. ume (2025) · hlm. 177–192

DOI
10.9767/bcrec.20347
ISSN
1978-2993
Terbit
2025-04-30
Penerbit
Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Wastewater pollution is mainly produced from the dye textile industry and the most widely used photocatalyst to degrade dye textile is TiO2 due to its photostability, low toxicity, and low production cost. However, TiO2 is only responsive under UV light; thus, our study is to extend the TiO2 absorption light to visible region via doping of bio-based carbon source, viz. ascorbic acid, to produce carbon-doped TiO2. The carbon-doped TiO2 were solvothermally synthesized with varying carbon loadings (10, 30, and 50 wt%) and calcination temperatures (250, 300, and 400 oC). The functional groups of carbon-doped TiO2 were determined, which the carbonyl groups (C=O) at 1700 cm-1, alkenyl groups (C=C) at 1630-1670 cm-1, hydroxyl groups at 3380-3390 cm-1, and TiO2 appeared at 450 cm-1. The absorption spectra shifted from UV to visible-light region and the band gap was reduced compared to undoped TiO2. The photoluminescence results showed that the surface oxygen vacancies (SOVs) are generated for carbon-doped TiO2. The Ti–C bond formation was proved through diffractogram peak shifting, while the crystallite sizes decrease with increasing carbon amount and decreasing calcination temperature. The highest methylene blue photodegradation of 89.53% was achieved by 30 wt%C-TiO2-250 photocatalyst at pH 10 under 2 h visible light irradiation. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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  • Mulawarman University
  • Xiamen University Malaysia
  • Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • University of Technology Malaysia
  • University of Basrah
  • Xiamen University
  • Padjadjaran University
  • Organisasi lain
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Tampilkan sebagai tabel
Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Hadi NurUniversity of Technology Malaysia12
Ratna KusumawardaniMulawarman University9
Teguh WirawanMulawarman University8
Wirhanuddin WirhanuddinMulawarman University6
Cheng Loong NganXiamen University5
Nabila Nur AgustiMulawarman University4
Sumari SumariState University of Malang4
Sri LestariMulawarman University4
Faris A. J. Al-DoghachiUniversity of Basrah3
Kelvert KongXiamen University Malaysia3
Atiek Rostika NoviyantiPadjadjaran University2
Iis Intan WidiyowatiMulawarman University2
Ying WengXiamen University Malaysia2
Anton PrasetyoUniversitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim2
Nazarudin NazarudinUniversitas Jambi2
Soerja KoesnarpadiMulawarman University2
Yuniar Ponco PranantoUniversity of Brawijaya2
Volkan DegirmenciUniversity of Warwick2
Siew Fan WongAsia Pacific University of Technology & Innovation2
Zhiying ZhuXiamen University Malaysia2
Lik Quan LauXiamen University Malaysia2
Akrajas Ali UmarNational University of Malaysia1
Attared F. HassanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Israa A. JazeelUniversity of Basrah1
Ali AldoghachiUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Surahim MohamadUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Rahmat GunawanMulawarman University1
Sheela ChandrenUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Sanaa SarhanUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Mohd Izham SaimanUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Abdul Halim AbdullahUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Umer RashidUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Weng Hoong LamXiamen University1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Visible-light Degradation of Methylene Blue using Energy-Efficient Carbon-Doped TiO2: Kinetic Study and Mechanism</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Lau, Alysa</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Goh, Chien Yong</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Guo, Yubei</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Alsultan, Abdulkareem Ghassan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yun Hin, Taufiq-Yap</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nurhadi, Mukhamad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Lai, Sin Yuan</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Carbon-doped TiO2; green synthesis; dye photodegradation; wastewater; band gap; environmental sustainability</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Wastewater pollution is mainly produced from the dye textile industry and the most widely used photocatalyst to degrade dye textile is TiO2 due to its photostability, low toxicity, and low production cost. However, TiO2 is only responsive under UV light; thus, our study is to extend the TiO2 absorption light to visible region via doping of bio-based carbon source, viz. ascorbic acid, to produce carbon-doped TiO2. The carbon-doped TiO2 were solvothermally synthesized with varying carbon loadings (10, 30, and 50 wt%) and calcination temperatures (250, 300, and 400 oC). The functional groups of carbon-doped TiO2 were determined, which the carbonyl groups (C=O) at 1700 cm-1, alkenyl groups (C=C) at 1630-1670 cm-1, hydroxyl groups at 3380-3390 cm-1, and TiO2 appeared at 450 cm-1. The absorption spectra shifted from UV to visible-light region and the band gap was reduced compared to undoped TiO2. The photoluminescence results showed that the surface oxygen vacancies (SOVs) are generated for carbon-doped TiO2. The Ti–C bond formation was proved through diffractogram peak shifting, while the crystallite sizes decrease with increasing carbon amount and decreasing calcination temperature. The highest methylene blue photodegradation of 89.53% was achieved by 30 wt%C-TiO2-250 photocatalyst at pH 10 under 2 h visible light irradiation. Copyright © 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-04-30</dc:date>
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	<dc:identifier>10.9767/bcrec.20347</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis; 2025: BCREC Volume 20 Issue 1 Year 2025 (April 2025); 177-192</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-2993</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/20347/9799</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20347/5616</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20347/5617</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20347/5618</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group</dc:rights>
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