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Catalytic Performance of Environmentally Friendly Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate-supported Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) for Oxidation Styrene to Benzaldehyde

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis · Vol. ume (2026) · hlm. 168–179

DOI
10.9767/bcrec.20508
ISSN
1978-2993
Terbit
2026-04-30
Penerbit
Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH)-supported Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) catalysts and their application in the styrene oxidation to benzaldehyde using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. The study explores the catalyst's structure-activity relationship, emphasizing the importance of mesoporous materials for enhanced catalytic performance. The CSH-Metals catalysts were synthesized using fish bone-derived CSH as a support, which aligns with green chemistry principles. Characterization techniques, such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET surface area analysis, confirmed the successful impregnation of Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) and its catalytic performance. The catalysts exhibited styrene conversion and high selectivity for benzaldehyde, achieving up to 49.5% and 60.2% for CSH-Ti; 12.9% and 84.1% for CSH-Fe, 19.9% and 61.5% for CSH-Cu, and 13.4% and 92.8% for CSH-Ag. The research highlights that the best catalyst’s performance are CSH-Ti for styrene conversion and CSH-Ag for benzaldehyde selectivity. To support performance interpretation, a fuzzy logic analysis was applied to evaluate the influence of seven key parameters on catalytic behavior. The results revealed that ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) formation activity, type of metal, and metal–intermediate interaction were the most dominant factors affecting performance. This data-driven insight reinforces the chemical reactivity as the primary determinant of catalyst effectiveness, above physical attributes such as surface area or pore structure. Overall, this study introduces a cost-effective, sustainable, and selective catalyst system for styrene oxidation, demonstrating high potential for industrial application in the production of value-added chemicals with minimal environmental impact. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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  • State University of Malang
  • Universitas Respati Yogyakarta
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Ratna KusumawardaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui18
Sumari SumariState University of Malang6
Sri LestariUniversitas Respati Yogyakarta6
Anton PrasetyoAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Nazarudin NazarudinAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Soerja KoesnarpadiAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Yuniar Ponco PranantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Iis Intan WidiyowatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Kelvert KongAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Cheng Loong NganAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Yubei GuoAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Chien Yong GohAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Rahmat GunawanAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Sheela ChandrenAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Atiek Rostika NoviyantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Ying WengAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Muhammad RidwansyahAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Pintaka KusumaningtyasAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Muhammad AkbarAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Lestari LestariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Putri Fritami AtaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ayu Dwi YuliantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hafia HasanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Risky Nor CahyoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Zainur Arif RahmanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Farah ErikaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Pipin Dwi HaryantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Zenia Lutfi KurniawatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Akrajas Ali UmarAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Fajar Inggit PambudiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Eko Sri KunartiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Robby Noor CahyonoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Weng Hoong LamAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Catalytic Performance of Environmentally Friendly Calcium Sulfate Hemihydrate-supported Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) for Oxidation Styrene to Benzaldehyde</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Rahmadani, Agung</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nurhadi, Mukhamad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wirawan, Teguh</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wirhanuddin, Wirhanuddin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Agusti, Nabila Nur</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Lai, Sin Yuan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nur, Hadi</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">CSH-Metals;styrene oxidation; benzaldehyde;green chemistry; hydrogen peroxide; mesoporous materials</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">This paper presents the synthesis and characterization of calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH)-supported Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) catalysts and their application in the styrene oxidation to benzaldehyde using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as an oxidant. The study explores the catalyst's structure-activity relationship, emphasizing the importance of mesoporous materials for enhanced catalytic performance. The CSH-Metals catalysts were synthesized using fish bone-derived CSH as a support, which aligns with green chemistry principles. Characterization techniques, such as FTIR, XRD, SEM, and BET surface area analysis, confirmed the successful impregnation of Metals (Ti, Fe, Cu or Ag) and its catalytic performance. The catalysts exhibited styrene conversion and high selectivity for benzaldehyde, achieving up to 49.5% and 60.2% for CSH-Ti; 12.9% and 84.1% for CSH-Fe, 19.9% and 61.5% for CSH-Cu, and 13.4% and 92.8% for CSH-Ag. The research highlights that the best catalyst’s performance are CSH-Ti for styrene conversion and CSH-Ag for benzaldehyde selectivity. To support performance interpretation, a fuzzy logic analysis was applied to evaluate the influence of seven key parameters on catalytic behavior. The results revealed that ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) formation activity, type of metal, and metal–intermediate interaction were the most dominant factors affecting performance. This data-driven insight reinforces the chemical reactivity as the primary determinant of catalyst effectiveness, above physical attributes such as surface area or pore structure. Overall, this study introduces a cost-effective, sustainable, and selective catalyst system for styrene oxidation, demonstrating high potential for industrial application in the production of value-added chemicals with minimal environmental impact. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-04-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US"></dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/20508</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.9767/bcrec.20508</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis; 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 1 Year 2026 (April 2026); 168-179</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-2993</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/20508/9913</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20508/6181</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20508/6188</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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