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A Two-Step SO3H/ICG Catalyst Synthesis for Biodiesel Production: Optimization of Sulfonation Step via Microwave Irradiation

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis · Vol. ume (2021) · hlm. 63–75

DOI
10.9767/bcrec.16.1.9613.63-75
ISSN
1978-2993
Terbit
2021-03-31
Penerbit
Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Conventional heating, a common method used for heterogeneous solid acid catalyst synthesis unknowingly consumes massive time and energy. In this study, acid catalyst was prepared through sulfonation process of incomplete carbonized glucose (ICG) via microwave-assisted technique to shorten the heating time and energy consumption. Optimization of the sulfonation process of ICG via microwave-assisted was carried out. Four-factor-three-level central composite design (CCD) was used to develop the design of experiments (DOE). Interaction between two factors was evaluated to determine the optimum process conditions. A quadratic model was proposed for prediction of biodiesel yield (Y) from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and its conversion (C). The application of DOE successfully optimized the operating conditions for the two-step SO3H/ICG catalyst synthesis to be used for the esterification process. The optimized conditions of the best performing SO3H/ICG with maximum Y and C were at 7.5 minutes of reaction time, 159.5 mL of H2SO4 used, 671 rpm of stirring rate as well as 413.64 watt of power level. At these optimum conditions the predicted yield percentage and conversion percentage were 94.01% and 91.89%, respectively, which experimentally verified the accuracy of the model. The utilization of sulfonated glucose solid acid catalyst via microwave-assisted in biodiesel production has great potential towards sustainable and green method of synthesizing catalyst for biodiesel. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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  • University of Technology Malaysia
  • Diponegoro University
  • Universiti Teknologi MARA
  • Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
  • Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
  • Universitas Airlangga
  • University of Nottingham
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Siti Shawalliah IdrisUniversiti Teknologi MARA2
Shams Shazid KaderUniversity of Technology Malaysia2
Mohd AsmadiUniversity of Technology Malaysia2
Wan Nur Anis Amira Wan RanizangUniversity of Technology Malaysia2
Wahyu FitrianiDiponegoro University1
Kusmiyati KusmiyatiMuhammadiyah University of Surakarta1
Luqman BuchoriDiponegoro University1
Widayat WidayatDiponegoro University1
Nadia Taradissa MaheswariDiponegoro University1
Hantoro SatriadiDiponegoro University1
Didi Dwi AnggoroDiponegoro University1
Didik PrasetyokoInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember1
Hartati HartatiUniversitas Airlangga1
Brilliant Umara Le MondeDiponegoro University1
Maulida NurdianiDiponegoro University1
Anwar JohariUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Muhammad Firdaus HusinUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Mimi H. HassimUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Denny K. S. NgUniversity of Nottingham1
Mohd Johari KamaruddinUniversity of Technology Malaysia1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">A Two-Step SO3H/ICG Catalyst Synthesis for Biodiesel Production: Optimization of Sulfonation Step via Microwave Irradiation</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Saimon, Nur Nazlina</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ngadi, Norzita</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Jusoh, Mazura</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Zakaria, Zaki Yamani</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Optimization; Palm Fatty Acid Distillate; Esterification; Sulfonated Glucose; Microwave-assisted.</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Conventional heating, a common method used for heterogeneous solid acid catalyst synthesis unknowingly consumes massive time and energy. In this study, acid catalyst was prepared through sulfonation process of incomplete carbonized glucose (ICG) via microwave-assisted technique to shorten the heating time and energy consumption. Optimization of the sulfonation process of ICG via microwave-assisted was carried out. Four-factor-three-level central composite design (CCD) was used to develop the design of experiments (DOE). Interaction between two factors was evaluated to determine the optimum process conditions. A quadratic model was proposed for prediction of biodiesel yield (Y) from palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) and its conversion (C). The application of DOE successfully optimized the operating conditions for the two-step SO3H/ICG catalyst synthesis to be used for the esterification process. The optimized conditions of the best performing SO3H/ICG with maximum Y and C were at 7.5 minutes of reaction time, 159.5 mL of H2SO4 used, 671 rpm of stirring rate as well as 413.64 watt of power level. At these optimum conditions the predicted yield percentage and conversion percentage were 94.01% and 91.89%, respectively, which experimentally verified the accuracy of the model. The utilization of sulfonated glucose solid acid catalyst via microwave-assisted in biodiesel production has great potential towards sustainable and green method of synthesizing catalyst for biodiesel. Copyright © 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0). </dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2021-03-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
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	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/9613</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.9767/bcrec.16.1.9613.63-75</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis; 2021: BCREC Volume 16 Issue 1 Year 2021 (March 2021); 63-75</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-2993</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/9613/5171</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2021 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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