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Optimization and Kinetic Studies of Enzymatic Saccharification of Double-Stage Ozonolysis Pretreated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Enhanced Sugar Production

Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis · Vol. ume (2026) · hlm. 717–736

DOI
10.9767/bcrec.20721
ISSN
1978-2993
Terbit
2026-10-30
Penerbit
Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB), an abundant lignocellulosic biomass in Malaysia, is a promising feedstock for producing Total Reducing Sugar (TRS), although its recalcitrant structure limits enzymatic conversion. This study proposes a novel double-stage ozonolysis pretreatment integrated with intermediate alkaline swelling to enhance cellulose accessibility and saccharification efficiency. Structural modifications were confirmed through compositional analysis, TGA, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Enzymatic saccharification (ES) was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Face-Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD), evaluating reaction time, biomass loading, and temperature. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated a significant model (R2 = 0.88), with optimal conditions of 44 h reaction time, 1.8 % w/v biomass loading, and 50 °C temperature, achieving a maximum TRS yield of 42.75%. The double-stage ozonolysis outperformed single-stage and alkaline pretreatments, yielding the highest cellulose enrichment (up to 79 wt%) and improved digestibility. Kinetic analysis revealed a substantial reduction in the Michaelis-Menten constant ( ) from 175.713 to 9.010 mg/mL, indicating enhanced enzyme–substrate affinity. These findings demonstrate a robust and efficient strategy for improving biomass-to-sugar conversion. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).

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  • University of Technology Malaysia
  • Universiti Teknologi MARA
  • Sriwijaya University
  • Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Universitas Baturaja
  • Diponegoro University
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Rosli Md. IllyasAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Benyamin LakitanSriwijaya University1
Strayker Ali MudaSriwijaya University1
Dora Fatma NurshantiUniversitas Baturaja1
Yakup YakupSriwijaya University1
Nurul Asyikin YusofUniversiti Teknologi MARA1
Didi Dwi AnggoroDiponegoro University1
Aizah JamarudinUniversiti Teknologi MARA1
Muzakkir Mohammad ZainolUniversiti Teknologi MARA1
Abdull Hafidz HassanUniversiti Teknologi MARA1
Siti Norazian IsmailUniversiti Teknologi MARA1
Kamarul Ridwan ZainuddinUniversiti Teknologi MARA1
Hajar AliasUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Muhammad Daniyal TahirUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Ji Zhang TaiUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Wei Keen FanUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
M.S.M. YusofUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Abdul Rahman MohamedUniversiti Sains Malaysia1
Zhong Sheng TaiUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Noorhalieza AliUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Nor Aishah Saidina AminUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Nurul Suhada Ab RasidUniversiti Teknologi MARA1
Zaki Yamani ZakariaUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Mazura JusohUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Wan Nur Anis Amira Wan RanizangUniversity of Technology Malaysia1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Optimization and Kinetic Studies of Enzymatic Saccharification of Double-Stage Ozonolysis Pretreated Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch for Enhanced Sugar Production</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Abd Majid, Nur Zahidah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Shamjuddin, Amnani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Asmadi, Mohd</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Asli, Umi Aisah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hussain, Sharifah Nurain</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yulianti, Riyani Tri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Zainan, Nur Hidayah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Jaafar, Nardiah Rizwana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Masri, Asiah Nusaibah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Christophe, Gwendoline</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Michaud, Philippe</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Oil palm empty fruit bunch; Biomass pretreatment; Ozonolysis; Optimization; Enzymatic saccharification; Total reducing sugar</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB), an abundant lignocellulosic biomass in Malaysia, is a promising feedstock for producing Total Reducing Sugar (TRS), although its recalcitrant structure limits enzymatic conversion. This study proposes a novel double-stage ozonolysis pretreatment integrated with intermediate alkaline swelling to enhance cellulose accessibility and saccharification efficiency. Structural modifications were confirmed through compositional analysis, TGA, XRD, FTIR, and SEM. Enzymatic saccharification (ES) was optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) based on a Face-Centered Central Composite Design (FCCCD), evaluating reaction time, biomass loading, and temperature. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) indicated a significant model (R2 = 0.88), with optimal conditions of 44 h reaction time, 1.8 % w/v biomass loading, and 50 °C temperature, achieving a maximum TRS yield of 42.75%. The double-stage ozonolysis outperformed single-stage and alkaline pretreatments, yielding the highest cellulose enrichment (up to 79 wt%) and improved digestibility. Kinetic analysis revealed a substantial reduction in the Michaelis-Menten constant ( ) from 175.713 to 9.010 mg/mL, indicating enhanced enzyme–substrate affinity. These findings demonstrate a robust and efficient strategy for improving biomass-to-sugar conversion. Copyright © 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-10-30</dc:date>
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	<dc:identifier>10.9767/bcrec.20721</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering &amp; Catalysis; 2026: BCREC Volume 21 Issue 3 Year 2026 (October 2026); 717-736</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-2993</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/20721/9984</dc:relation>
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	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20721/6365</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20721/6366</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/downloadSuppFile/20721/6367</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 by Authors, Published by BCREC Publishing Group</dc:rights>
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