The efficacy of sketching techniques as a visual scaffolding tool for enhancing mathematical word problem-solving among lower primary students

Abstrak

Mathematical word problem-solving remains a significant challenge for early primary students due to the abstract nature of linguistic information and cognitive load constraints. This study investigates the effectiveness of the Sketching Technique in enhancing the mathematical achievement of Year 2 students, with a specific focus on word-problem solving involving basic arithmetic operations. A quasi-experimental research design was employed involving 60 Year 2 students from a primary school in the Northeast District of Penang. The participants were divided into a treatment group (n=30) that used the Sketching Technique and a control group (n=30) that followed conventional teaching methods. The research instrument was an achievement test consisting of 10 word-problem questions, with a total score of 10 marks. The test's internal consistency reliability was acceptable (Kuder-Richardson Formula 20 = 0.81). Data were collected using pre-test and post-test instruments and analyzed using paired and independent-samples t-tests. Findings revealed a significant improvement in the treatment group, with the mean score increasing markedly from 2.33 on the pre-test to 9.53 on the post-test. Conversely, the control group showed minimal improvement, with mean scores rising from 2.30 to only 2.90. Statistical analysis confirmed a significant difference between the two groups, with the treatment group demonstrating more consistent performance as evidenced by a reduction in standard deviation from 1.73 to 0.51. Furthermore, the effect size (Cohen's d) was calculated to be 5.65, indicating very large practical significance of the intervention. These results suggest that integrating visual-based pedagogical innovations is crucial for improving numeracy outcomes and fostering critical thinking in early primary education.