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Fungistatic effect of Gracilaria verrucosa on phospholipase enzymes and the cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida albicans

Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi) · Vol. 58 No. 1 (2025) · hlm. 66–73

DOI
10.20473/j.djmkg.v58.i1.p66-73
ISSN
2442-9740, 1978-3728
Terbit
2025-01-13
Penerbit
Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Background: Candida albicans (C. albicans) was reported as a primary cause of oral candidiasis. Phospholipase enzymes and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) are involved in the pathogenesis of its infection. Gracilaria verrucosa (G. verrucosa) is reported to contain flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds, which can inhibit the development of C. albicans. Purpose: The study analyzed the effect of the ethanol extract of G. verrucosa on the inhibition of the phospholipase enzyme and CSH of C. albicans. Methods: The G. verrucosa chemical compounds were examined by phytochemical tests and phospholipase enzyme-inhibiting egg yolk media, and a CSH assay was conducted using xylene. Results: Gracilaria verrucosa contains steroids, terpenoids, tannins/phenolics, and flavonoids. The 25%–100% concentrations inhibit the phospholipase enzyme of C. albicans more strongly at 48 hours than at 12 hours and 24 hours (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the 100% and 75% concentrations substantially affect the inhibition of CSH of C. albicans, with a strong relationship. Conclusion: Gracilaria verrucosa has a more substantial inhibitory effect in suppressing the phospholipase enzyme and CSH of C. albicans.

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Fungistatic effect of Gracilaria verrucosa on phospholipase enzymes and the cell surface hydrophobicity of Candida albicans</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Gani, Basri A.</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Andayani, Ridha</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Batubara, Fitri Yunita</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ifwandi, Ifwandi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Syafriza, Dharli</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Herlambang, Muhammad Mas'ud</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Fathirah, Shiti Alya</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rifki, Ayudia</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Candida albicans</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Gracilaria verrucosa</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Hydrophobicity</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Phospholipase enzyme</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Background: Candida albicans (C. albicans) was reported as a primary cause of oral candidiasis. Phospholipase enzymes and cell surface hydrophobicity (CSH) are involved in the pathogenesis of its infection. Gracilaria verrucosa (G. verrucosa) is reported to contain flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic compounds, which can inhibit the development of C. albicans. Purpose: The study analyzed the effect of the ethanol extract of G. verrucosa on the inhibition of the phospholipase enzyme and CSH of C. albicans. Methods: The G. verrucosa chemical compounds were examined by phytochemical tests and phospholipase enzyme-inhibiting egg yolk media, and a CSH assay was conducted using xylene. Results: Gracilaria verrucosa contains steroids, terpenoids, tannins/phenolics, and flavonoids. The 25%–100% concentrations inhibit the phospholipase enzyme of C. albicans more strongly at 48 hours than at 12 hours and 24 hours (p &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the 100% and 75% concentrations substantially affect the inhibition of CSH of C. albicans, with a strong relationship. Conclusion: Gracilaria verrucosa has a more substantial inhibitory effect in suppressing the phospholipase enzyme and CSH of C. albicans.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Faculty of Dental Medicine, Universitas Airlangga https://fkg.unair.ac.id/en</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-01-13</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/article/view/47846</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/j.djmkg.v58.i1.p66-73</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Dental Journal (Majalah Kedokteran Gigi); Vol. 58 No. 1 (2025): March; 66-73</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2442-9740</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1978-3728</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/article/view/47846/39371</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/MKG/article/view/47846/31460</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 Dental Journal</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>