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Big Five Trails: A Critical Review

Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business (GamaIJB) · Vol. 21 No. 2 (2019) · pp. 159–186

DOI
10.22146/gamaijb.34931
ISSN
2338-7238, 1411-1128
Published
2019-08-26
Publisher
Master in Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Language
eng
License
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstract

This study seeks to provide a broad and thorough review of the literature on the big five traits (BFT) and its major developments through a long history of conceptual and applied studies in many areas that have been conducted on large samples of individuals, groups and countries. The BFT is the most widely accepted and most prominent model to describe the structure of personality traits, so this study sought to identify them in order to achieve a better understanding as well as for consideration by researchers in their future studies. This review focused on the eight key observations related to the BFT. These observations are as follows: meaning of the traits; the history of the BFT model; unity or hierarchy of traits; number of the traits; three perspectives on BFT; BFT questionnaires; BFT and performance; and the need for a sixth trait. The results of the study clearly confirmed that there are problems with universal models that tend to generalize a limited number of dimensions in order to interpret personality across borders and cultures. This generalization of the models is accompanied by the numerous observations and problems mentioned in the above eight points.

Keywords

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Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.ugm.ac.id/gamaijb/oai, first harvested 28 Okt 2026, last seen 28 Okt 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Big Five Trails: A Critical Review</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Najm, Najm Abood</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US"></dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Big five trails, number of trails, BFTs perspective, sixth trail, religiosity</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">M14 Corporate Culture, Diversity, Social Responsibility</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">This study seeks to provide a broad and thorough review of the literature on the big five traits (BFT) and its major developments through a long history of conceptual and applied studies in many areas that have been conducted on large samples of individuals, groups and countries. The BFT is the most widely accepted and most prominent model to describe the structure of personality traits, so this study sought to identify them in order to achieve a better understanding as well as for consideration by researchers in their future studies. This review focused on the eight key observations related to the BFT. These observations are as follows: meaning of the traits; the history of the BFT model; unity or hierarchy of traits; number of the traits; three perspectives on BFT; BFT questionnaires; BFT and performance; and the need for a sixth trait. The results of the study clearly confirmed that there are problems with universal models that tend to generalize a limited number of dimensions in order to interpret personality across borders and cultures. This generalization of the models is accompanied by the numerous observations and problems mentioned in the above eight points.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Master in Management, Faculty of Economics and Business, Universitas Gadjah Mada</dc:publisher>
	<dc:contributor xml:lang="en-US">None</dc:contributor>
	<dc:date>2019-08-26</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
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	<dc:identifier>https://journal.ugm.ac.id/gamaijb/article/view/34931</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22146/gamaijb.34931</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business; Vol 21, No 2 (2019): May-August; 159-186</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2338-7238</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1411-1128</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.ugm.ac.id/gamaijb/article/view/34931/25382</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2019 Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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