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Optimized pap-smear image enhancement: hybrid Perona-Malik diffusion filter-CLAHE using spider monkey optimization

IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence · Vol. 14 No. 4 (2025) · hlm. 2765–2775

DOI
10.11591/ijai.v14.i4.pp2765-2775
ISSN
2252-8938, 2089-4872
Terbit
2025-08-01
Penerbit
Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Pap-smear image quality is crucial for cervical cancer detection. This study introduces an optimized hybrid approach that combines the Perona-Malik diffusion (PMD) filter with contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) to enhance pap-smear image quality. The PMD filter reduces the image noise, whereas CLAHE improves the image contrast. The hybrid method was optimized using spider monkey optimization (SMO PMD-CLAHE). Blind/reference-less image spatial quality evaluator (BRISQUE) and contrast enhancement-based image quality (CEIQ) are the new objective functions for the PMD filter and CLAHE optimization, respectively. The simulations were conducted using the SIPaKMeD dataset. The results indicate that SMO outperforms state-of-the-art methods in optimizing the PMD filter and CLAHE. The proposed method achieved an average effective measure of enhancement (EME) of 5.45, root mean square (RMS) contrast of 60.45, Michelson’s contrast (MC) of 0.995, and entropy of 6.80. This approach offers a new perspective for improving pap-smear image quality.

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  • University of Brawijaya
  • State University of Gorontalo
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Sebelas Maret University
  • Universitas Trunodjoyo Madura
  • Institut Teknologi Kalimantan
  • Indonesian Institute of Sciences
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Agus SuryantoUniversity of Brawijaya11
Wayan Firdaus MahmudyUniversity of Brawijaya5
Trisilowati TrisilowatiUniversity of Brawijaya5
Hasan S. PanigoroState University of Gorontalo4
Safrizal Ardana ArdiyansaUniversity of Brawijaya2
Eric JuliantoUniversity of Brawijaya2
Resmawan ResmawanState University of Gorontalo2
Raqqasyi Rahmatullah MusafirUniversity of Brawijaya2
Cynthia Ayu Dwi LestariUniversity of Brawijaya2
Nur ShofianahUniversity of Brawijaya2
Asyrofa RahmiUniversity of Brawijaya1
Muchammad Chandra Cahyo UtomoInstitut Teknologi Kalimantan1
Ahmad Afif SupiantoUniversity of Brawijaya1
Vicky ZilvanIndonesian Institute of Sciences1
Hilman Ferdinandus PardedeNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Onky PrasetyoUniversity of Brawijaya1
R. Budiarianto Suryo KusumoNational Research and Innovation Agency1
M. Rafael Andika PutraUniversity of Brawijaya1
Zuraidah FitriahUniversity of Brawijaya1
Indah YantiSebelas Maret University1
Noor HidayatUniversity of Brawijaya1
Dwi Mifta MahananiUniversity of Brawijaya1
Abdi Negara GuciUniversity of Brawijaya1
Fery WidhiatmokoUniversity of Brawijaya1
Mila KurniawatyUniversity of Brawijaya1
Komang Agus Arta WijayaUniversity of Brawijaya1
Helen Yuliana AngmalisangManado State University1
Natasha Clarissa MaharaniUniversity of Brawijaya1
Suci AstutikUniversity of Brawijaya1
Darmanto DarmantoSebelas Maret University1
Nurjannah NurjannahUniversity of Brawijaya1
Diego IrsandyUniversity of Brawijaya1
Muhammad Hisyam LeeUniversity of Technology Malaysia1
Rismania Hartanti Putri Yulianing DamayantiUniversity of Brawijaya1
Marsudi MarsudiUniversity of Brawijaya1
Haidar Ahmad FajriUniversity of Brawijaya1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://ijai.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAI/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Optimized pap-smear image enhancement: hybrid  Perona-Malik diffusion filter-CLAHE using spider monkey optimization</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Khozaimi, Ach</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Darti, Isnani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Muharini Kusumawinahyu, Wuryansari</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Anam, Syaiful</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Computer vision, Heuristic optimization</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">BRISQUE; Contrast enhancement-based image quality; CLAHE; Pap-smear; Perona-Malik diffusion filter; Spider monkey optimization</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Pap-smear image quality is crucial for cervical cancer detection. This study introduces an optimized hybrid approach that combines the Perona-Malik diffusion (PMD) filter with contrast-limited adaptive histogram equalization (CLAHE) to enhance pap-smear image quality. The PMD filter reduces the image noise, whereas CLAHE improves the image contrast. The hybrid method was optimized using spider monkey optimization (SMO PMD-CLAHE). Blind/reference-less image spatial quality evaluator (BRISQUE) and contrast enhancement-based image quality (CEIQ) are the new objective functions for the PMD filter and CLAHE optimization, respectively. The simulations were conducted using the SIPaKMeD dataset. The results indicate that SMO outperforms state-of-the-art methods in optimizing the PMD filter and CLAHE. The proposed method achieved an average effective measure of enhancement (EME) of 5.45, root mean square (RMS) contrast of 60.45, Michelson’s contrast (MC) of 0.995, and entropy of 6.80. This approach offers a new perspective for improving pap-smear image quality.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science</dc:publisher>
	<dc:contributor xml:lang="en-US"></dc:contributor>
	<dc:date>2025-08-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US"></dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://ijai.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAI/article/view/27832</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.11591/ijai.v14.i4.pp2765-2775</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">IAES International Journal of Artificial Intelligence (IJ-AI); Vol 14, No 4: August 2025; 2765-2775</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-8938</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2089-4872</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.11591/ijai.v14.i4</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ijai.iaescore.com/index.php/IJAI/article/view/27832/14621</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>