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Variability of Ocean Circulation and Water Mass Characteristics in Celebes Sea during ENSO Phase: A Numerical Modelling Approach

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences · Vol. 31 No. 3 (2026) · hlm. 253–264

DOI
10.14710/ik.ijms.31.3.253-264
ISSN
2406-7598, 0853-7291
Terbit
2026-09-10
Penerbit
Marine Science Department Diponegoro University
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

A three-dimensional regional ocean circulation simulation was conducted in the Celebes Sea using the Coastal and Regional Ocean Community Model (CROCO) with a spatial resolution of 1/16°. The simulation covered the period from 2015 to 2020, encompassing several contrasting El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions. These included the strong El Niño event in 2015, the weak La Niña event in 2018, and the moderate La Niña event in 2020. Model performance was evaluated by comparing the simulation results with Argo observations and satellite altimetry data. The comparison showed a good agreement between the model and observations, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.70 to 0.99. The results indicated that ENSO events substantially influenced ocean circulation and water mass characteristics in the Celebes Sea. During the 2015 El Niño event, seasonal current velocities generally weakened, while the surrounding waters became cooler and more saline. In contrast, during the 2018 and 2020 La Niña events, current velocities tended to increase, particularly within the thermocline layer. The La Niña conditions were also associated with relatively warmer and fresher waters. These changes were especially evident around the inflow and outflow regions of the Indonesian Throughflow, where variations in water properties and circulation were more pronounced. Overall, the simulation demonstrates that ENSO variability plays an important role in controlling the temporal changes in circulation and water mass properties within the Celebes Sea. The contrasting responses observed during El Niño and La Niña highlight the strong connection between large-scale climate variability and regional oceanographic processes in this important Indonesian marginal sea.

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  • Jenderal Soedirman University
  • Universitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji
  • Sumatera Institute of Technology
  • IPB University
  • Diponegoro University
  • Politeknik Negeri Batam
  • University of Bremen
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Tampilkan sebagai tabel
Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Iqbal Ali HusniJenderal Soedirman University2
Gentio HarsonoIndonesia Defense University2
Lutfi MardiantoSumatera Institute of Technology1
Budhi Agung PrasetyoSumatera Institute of Technology1
Muawanah MuawanahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hartoyo HartoyoJenderal Soedirman University1
Hafsarizka AkbariJenderal Soedirman University1
Amron AmronJenderal Soedirman University1
Abdul HarisHasanuddin University1
El Mountassir El MouchtariUniversité Sultan Moulay Slimane1
Winarni NurshofiaJenderal Soedirman University1
Yogi PutrantoMinistry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries1
Hendrayana HendrayanaJenderal Soedirman University1
Arif MahdianaJenderal Soedirman University1
Isdy SulistyoJenderal Soedirman University1
Nuning Vita HidayatiJenderal Soedirman University1
Tonny SuhendraUniversitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji1
Hollanda Arief KusumaUniversitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji1
Aidil Fadli IlhamdyUniversitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji1
Carel Candigia Sahid IlhamiUniversitas Maritim Raja Ali Haji1
Dwi Eny Djoko SetyonoNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Agus Saleh AtmadipoeraIPB University1
Nyoman Metta N. NatihIPB University1
Kentaro AndoJapan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology1
Amron AmronJenderal Soedirman University1
Zahra Safira AuliaDiponegoro University1
R FirdausMeteorological, Climatological, And Geophysical Agency1
Mario CabralNational University of East Timor1
Anindya WirasatriyaDiponegoro University1
Budi PurwantoPusat Hidro-Oseanografi Angkatan Laut1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Variability of Ocean Circulation and Water Mass Characteristics in Celebes Sea during ENSO Phase: A Numerical Modelling Approach</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Hidayat, Rizqi Rizaldi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Prihatiningsih, Isnaini</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yuliardi, Amir Yarkhasy</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Saputra, Sentana Wahyu</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Lubis, Muhammad Zainuddin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Utama, Ferdy Gustian</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Celebes Sea; ITF; CROCO model; ENSO</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">A three-dimensional regional ocean circulation simulation was conducted in the Celebes Sea using the Coastal and Regional Ocean Community Model (CROCO) with a spatial resolution of 1/16°. The simulation covered the period from 2015 to 2020, encompassing several contrasting El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditions. These included the strong El Niño event in 2015, the weak La Niña event in 2018, and the moderate La Niña event in 2020. Model performance was evaluated by comparing the simulation results with Argo observations and satellite altimetry data. The comparison showed a good agreement between the model and observations, with correlation coefficients ranging from 0.70 to 0.99. The results indicated that ENSO events substantially influenced ocean circulation and water mass characteristics in the Celebes Sea. During the 2015 El Niño event, seasonal current velocities generally weakened, while the surrounding waters became cooler and more saline. In contrast, during the 2018 and 2020 La Niña events, current velocities tended to increase, particularly within the thermocline layer. The La Niña conditions were also associated with relatively warmer and fresher waters. These changes were especially evident around the inflow and outflow regions of the Indonesian Throughflow, where variations in water properties and circulation were more pronounced. Overall, the simulation demonstrates that ENSO variability plays an important role in controlling the temporal changes in circulation and water mass properties within the Celebes Sea. The contrasting responses observed during El Niño and La Niña highlight the strong connection between large-scale climate variability and regional oceanographic processes in this important Indonesian marginal sea.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Marine Science Department Diponegoro University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-10</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US"></dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/article/view/80842</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.14710/ik.ijms.31.3.253-264</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences; Vol 31, No 3 (2026): Ilmu Kelautan; 253-264</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2406-7598</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0853-7291</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/article/view/80842/pdf</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/article/downloadSuppFile/80842/22960</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>