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Reproductive Biology of the Rivulated Parrotfish (Scarus rivulatus) in the Seribu Islands: Fecundity, Sex Ratio, Gonadosomatic Index, and Spawning Patterns

ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences · Vol. 30 No. 4 (2025) · hlm. 544–556

DOI
10.14710/ik.ijms.30.4.544-556
ISSN
2406-7598, 0853-7291
Terbit
2025-12-20
Penerbit
Marine Science Department Diponegoro University
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Scarus rivulatus is a protogynous hermaphroditic parrotfish closely associated with coral reefs and plays an important ecological role in maintaining reef health through grazing activities. However, information on its reproductive biology in the Seribu Islands, Jakarta, Indonesia, remains limited, although such knowledge is important for sustainable fisheries management. This study aimed to examine the sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, and spawning pattern of S. rivulatus. A total of 2,425 specimens were collected monthly from January to December 2022. Sex identification was based on body coloration and morphology and confirmed by gonadal examination, with individuals classified as female, initial-phase (IP) male, or terminal-phase (TP) male. Total length and body weight were measured, and gonads were analyzed to determine sex, GSI, fecundity, oocyte diameter distribution, and histological characteristics. The overall sex ratio was 1:0.8 (male:female), with females dominating smaller size classes and males occupying larger ones, indicating a protogynous reproductive strategy. GSI values varied throughout the year, with spawning peaks in February, September, and December. Fecundity ranged from 17,013 to 178,813 oocytes and showed positive correlations with total length and body weight. Oocyte diameter distribution and histological observations indicated asynchronous ovarian development, suggesting partial spawning and gradual oocyte release throughout the year. These results highlight the importance of protecting larger individuals and applying seasonal closures and size-based harvesting regulations to maintain population sustainability. This study provides baseline data that can support future management efforts, and further research should explore sex transition processes and larval recruitment dynamics to strengthen ecosystem-based fisheries approaches.

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  • Hasanuddin University
  • University of Rhode Island
  • Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research
  • University of Rostock
  • University of Singaperbangsa Karawang
  • Universitas Jambi
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Yusli WardiatnoIPB University3
Nurlisa Alias ButetIPB University3
Djamar Tumpal Floranthus Lumban BatuIPB University3
Sonja KleinertzUniversity of Rostock3
Beginer SubhanIPB University3
Yeni IrawatiIPB University2
Hawis H MadduppaIPB University2
Lalu M. Iqbal SaniIPB University2
Achmad FahrudinIPB University1
Medi NopianaUniversity of Singaperbangsa Karawang1
Fredinan YuliandaIPB University1
Luky AdriantoIPB University1
Agus Alim HakimIPB University1
Asri YantiIPB University1
Sulistiono SulistionoIPB University1
Risa TiuriaIPB University1
Muhammad Raihan PambudiIPB University1
Inna Puspa AyuIPB University1
Nadya Jeny IriandaIPB University1
Ester Restiana Endang GelisUniversitas Jambi1
Christopher E. LaneUniversity of Rhode Island1
Erin M. BorbeeUniversity of Rhode Island1
Yusli WardiantoIPB University1
Joko SantosoIPB University1
Mennofatria BoerIPB University1
Achmad FarajallahIPB University1
Etty RianiIPB University1
Rita RostikaPadjadjaran University1
Sigid HariyadiIPB University1
Ghinarrahmi AfiyatillahIPB University1
Charles P.H. SimanjuntakIPB University1
Dietriech Geoffrey BengenIPB University1
Fauzan DzulfannazhirIPB University1
Luzmi Malia IzzaIPB University1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Reproductive Biology of the Rivulated Parrotfish (Scarus rivulatus) in the Seribu Islands: Fecundity, Sex Ratio, Gonadosomatic Index, and Spawning Patterns</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Yanti, Asri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sulistiono, Sulistiono</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Mashar, Ali</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nurfajar, Nurfajar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ferse, Sebastian C..A.</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Tuwo, Ambo</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Parrotfish; spawning pattern; sex ratio; fecundity; Seribu Island; gonadosomatic index</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Scarus rivulatus is a protogynous hermaphroditic parrotfish closely associated with coral reefs and plays an important ecological role in maintaining reef health through grazing activities. However, information on its reproductive biology in the Seribu Islands, Jakarta, Indonesia, remains limited, although such knowledge is important for sustainable fisheries management. This study aimed to examine the sex ratio, gonadosomatic index (GSI), fecundity, and spawning pattern of S. rivulatus. A total of 2,425 specimens were collected monthly from January to December 2022. Sex identification was based on body coloration and morphology and confirmed by gonadal examination, with individuals classified as female, initial-phase (IP) male, or terminal-phase (TP) male. Total length and body weight were measured, and gonads were analyzed to determine sex, GSI, fecundity, oocyte diameter distribution, and histological characteristics. The overall sex ratio was 1:0.8 (male:female), with females dominating smaller size classes and males occupying larger ones, indicating a protogynous reproductive strategy. GSI values varied throughout the year, with spawning peaks in February, September, and December. Fecundity ranged from 17,013 to 178,813 oocytes and showed positive correlations with total length and body weight. Oocyte diameter distribution and histological observations indicated asynchronous ovarian development, suggesting partial spawning and gradual oocyte release throughout the year. These results highlight the importance of protecting larger individuals and applying seasonal closures and size-based harvesting regulations to maintain population sustainability. This study provides baseline data that can support future management efforts, and further research should explore sex transition processes and larval recruitment dynamics to strengthen ecosystem-based fisheries approaches.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Marine Science Department Diponegoro University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-12-20</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US"></dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/article/view/68381</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.14710/ik.ijms.30.4.544-556</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences; Vol 30, No 4 (2025): Ilmu Kelautan; 544-556</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2406-7598</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0853-7291</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ejournal.undip.ac.id/index.php/ijms/article/view/68381/pdf</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 ILMU KELAUTAN: Indonesian Journal of Marine Sciences</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>