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Performance Analysis of EPC Material as a Kidney Organ Phantom with Exposure Voltage Variations and PA-GF-Based Kidney Stone Size

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS · Vol. 15 No. 2 (2025) · hlm. 399–408

DOI
10.13057/ijap.v15i2.106579
ISSN
2477-6416, 2089-0133
Terbit
2025-10-16
Penerbit
Department of Physics, Sebelas Maret University
Bahasa
eng

Abstrak

Research in the field of radiodiagnostics has been extensively developed, creating the need for substitute objects to represent human organs—namely, radiological phantoms. A phantom is a simulated model of an organ fabricated using 3D printing technology. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of Expanded Polyamide – Glass Fiber (EPA-GF) as a kidney stone phantom material embedded within a kidney phantom, based on parameters such as material density, CT number, electron density, and radiation dose across various CT scan exposure voltages. The phantom samples were printed using a dual-extruder 3D printer, with Expanded Polycarbonate (EPC) used as the kidney phantom material. CT scan exposure voltages were set to 80 kV, 100 kV, and 120 kV. Kidney stone sizes used in this study ranged from 1 mm to 8 mm (1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, and 8 mm). The measured density of EPA-GF was 1.51 ± 0.06 g/cm³. The CT numbers obtained at each voltage were 373.30 HU, 329.05 HU, and 299.46 HU, respectively. The corresponding electron density values were 1.231, 1.210, and 1.196, respectively. The effective doses measured at each voltage were 0.0240 mSv, 0.0448 mSv, and 0.0798 mSv. All parameter values were found to be closely aligned with literature references. The smallest visible kidney stone size detected was 2 mm.

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  • Diponegoro University
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Soeparmi SoeparmiSebelas Maret University3
Cari CariSebelas Maret University3
Sorja KoesumaSebelas Maret University2
Suparmi SuparmiSebelas Maret University2
Nanda Astika DeviSebelas Maret University2
Adnan CindyanaDiponegoro University2
Delta Nur SeptianingsihSebelas Maret University2
Tonang Dwi ArdyantoSebelas Maret University2
Resta Farits PradanaSebelas Maret University2
A. SuparmiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Lukmaniyah Rizky AmaliaSebelas Maret University1
Suharno SuharnoSebelas Maret University1
Utari UtariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nanang WiyonoSebelas Maret University1
Budi PurnamaSebelas Maret University1
Riyatun RiyatunSebelas Maret University1
Yusuf Anggara AjiSebelas Maret University1
Nuryani NuryaniSebelas Maret University1
Dwi Teguh RaharjoSebelas Maret University1
Egyn Furqon GhozaliSebelas Maret University1
N NuryaniSebelas Maret University1
Aisyah Ajibah RahmahSebelas Maret University1
Esti SuryaniSebelas Maret University1
Rizka Dewi MeilinaSebelas Maret University1
Ahmad MarzukiSebelas Maret University1
Arrini Nurul MAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hastho WuriatmoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Jarot PurnomoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nani SunarmiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/ijap/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Performance Analysis of EPC Material as a Kidney Organ Phantom with Exposure Voltage Variations and PA-GF-Based Kidney Stone Size</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Cari, Cari</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yunianto, Mohtar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Anwar, Fuad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Permadi, Hardo Ardiansyah Gilang</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">phantom, 3D printing, EPA-GF, kidney stone, CT number.</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Research in the field of radiodiagnostics has been extensively developed, creating the need for substitute objects to represent human organs—namely, radiological phantoms. A phantom is a simulated model of an organ fabricated using 3D printing technology. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of Expanded Polyamide – Glass Fiber (EPA-GF) as a kidney stone phantom material embedded within a kidney phantom, based on parameters such as material density, CT number, electron density, and radiation dose across various CT scan exposure voltages. The phantom samples were printed using a dual-extruder 3D printer, with Expanded Polycarbonate (EPC) used as the kidney phantom material. CT scan exposure voltages were set to 80 kV, 100 kV, and 120 kV. Kidney stone sizes used in this study ranged from 1 mm to 8 mm (1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 4 mm, 5 mm, 6 mm, 7 mm, and 8 mm). The measured density of EPA-GF was 1.51 ± 0.06 g/cm³. The CT numbers obtained at each voltage were 373.30 HU, 329.05 HU, and 299.46 HU, respectively. The corresponding electron density values were 1.231, 1.210, and 1.196, respectively. The effective doses measured at each voltage were 0.0240 mSv, 0.0448 mSv, and 0.0798 mSv. All parameter values were found to be closely aligned with literature references. The smallest visible kidney stone size detected was 2 mm.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Department of Physics, Sebelas Maret University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:contributor xml:lang="en-US"></dc:contributor>
	<dc:date>2025-10-16</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/ijap/article/view/106579</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.13057/ijap.v15i2.106579</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS; Vol 15, No 2 (2025): October; 399-408</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2477-6416</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2089-0133</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/ijap/article/view/106579/52159</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHYSICS</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>