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Immunogenicity of native Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi outer membrane proteins in Balb/c mice supports antigen prioritization for typhoid rapid tests

Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology · Vol. 31 No. 3 (2026) · hlm. 168–175

DOI
10.22146/ijbiotech.111250
ISSN
2089-2241, 0853-8654
Terbit
2026-09-30
Penerbit
Universitas Gadjah Mada
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). However, current diagnostic tests remain suboptimal in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) based on S. Typhi outer membrane proteins (OMPs) may offer faster and more accurate detection. This study characterizes the immunogenicity of S. Typhi OMPs by evaluating interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and antibody titers in mice. The OMPs were isolated from bacterial cultures and used as native antigens for mouse immunization. The concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were quantified by ELISA; subsequently, antibody titers were determined by an in-house ELISA, with antibody specificity confirmed by Western blotting. The highest IL-6 and TNF-α responses were observed in the 5 µg dose group, with cytokine titers of 12.43 pg/mL and 19.68 pg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, western blotting confirmed antigen–antibody reactivity, showing prominent bands at approximately 71, 42, 21, 17, and 11 kDa. The study confirms that S. Typhi OMPs elicited a robust cytokine response and induced specific antibodies that recognized multiple OMP subunits, supporting their potential as promising antigen candidates for the development of an improved and specific typhoid rapid diagnosed test (RDT).

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  • Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
  • Akademi Kebidanan Tahirah Al Baeti Bulukumba
  • Universitas Megarezky
  • University of Mataram
  • Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen
  • International Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Aris Tri HaryantoUniversitas Gadjah Mada7
Tri WibawaUniversitas Gadjah Mada4
Michael KannJustus-Liebig-Universität Gießen3
Jaka WidadaUniversitas Gadjah Mada2
Widya AsmaraUniversitas Gadjah Mada2
Wayan Tunas ArtamaUniversitas Gadjah Mada2
Langkah SembiringUniversitas Gadjah Mada2
Hevi WihadmadyatamiUniversitas Gadjah Mada2
Warsono WarsonoUniversitas Muhammadiyah Semarang1
Rasheed AhmadInternational Center for Chemical and Biological Sciences1
Diani MentariJenderal Soedirman University1
Nurhidayat TriananinsiUniversitas Megarezky1
Nurqalbi SamparaUniversitas Megarezky1
Sumarni SumarniUniversitas Jambi1
Minarti MinartiKementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia1
A. MayaAkademi Kebidanan Tahirah Al Baeti Bulukumba1
Rinawati RinawatiUniversitas Teuku Umar1
E. SuharyantoUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Stalis Norma EthicaUniversitas Muhammadiyah Semarang1
Ainutajriani AinutajrianiUniversitas Muhammadiyah Semarang1
Dewi Seswita ZildaMinistry of Marine Affairs and Fisheries1
Muhammad Ardi AfriansyahUniversitas Muhammadiyah Semarang1
Ragil SaptaningtyasUniversitas Muhammadiyah Semarang1
Muhammad AdnanUniversitas Islam Negeri Ar-Raniry1
Matin NuhamunadaUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Lisna HidayatiUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Budi Setiadi DaryonoUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Endah RetnaningrumUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Muhammad Evy PrastiyantoUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Hera NirwatiUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Sp.A SutaryoUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Nenny Sri MulyaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Titis Budi WidowatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Purnomo HadiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/ijbiotech/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Immunogenicity of native Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi outer membrane proteins in Balb/c mice supports antigen prioritization for typhoid rapid tests</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Darmawati, Sri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Mawardani, Maya Tamara</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Kamaruddin, Mudyawati</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wijayanti, Nastiti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Depamede, Sulaiman Ngongu</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Aldirahayu, Yunita</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Biomarker; IL-6, OMPs; RDT; TNF-α</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi). However, current diagnostic tests remain suboptimal in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) based on S. Typhi outer membrane proteins (OMPs) may offer faster and more accurate detection. This study characterizes the immunogenicity of S. Typhi OMPs by evaluating interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and antibody titers in mice. The OMPs were isolated from bacterial cultures and used as native antigens for mouse immunization. The concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were quantified by ELISA; subsequently, antibody titers were determined by an in-house ELISA, with antibody specificity confirmed by Western blotting. The highest IL-6 and TNF-α responses were observed in the 5 µg dose group, with cytokine titers of 12.43 pg/mL and 19.68 pg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, western blotting confirmed antigen–antibody reactivity, showing prominent bands at approximately 71, 42, 21, 17, and 11 kDa. The study confirms that S. Typhi OMPs elicited a robust cytokine response and induced specific antibodies that recognized multiple OMP subunits, supporting their potential as promising antigen candidates for the development of an improved and specific typhoid rapid diagnosed test (RDT).</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Gadjah Mada</dc:publisher>
	<dc:contributor xml:lang="en-US"></dc:contributor>
	<dc:date>2026-09-30</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Original Research Articles</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.ugm.ac.id/ijbiotech/article/view/111250</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22146/ijbiotech.111250</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Indonesian Journal of Biotechnology; Vol 31, No 3 (2026); 168–175</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2089-2241</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0853-8654</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.ugm.ac.id/ijbiotech/article/view/111250/45628</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.ugm.ac.id/ijbiotech/article/downloadSuppFile/111250/40964</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.ugm.ac.id/ijbiotech/article/downloadSuppFile/111250/40965</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>