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Increasing The Capacity of Headstega Based on Bitwise Operation

Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi (JIKI) · Vol. 14 No. 2 (2021) · pp. 113–126

DOI
10.21609/jiki.v14i2.957
ISSN
2502-9274, 2088-7051
Published
2021-07-04
Publisher
Faculty of Computer Science - Universitas Indonesia
Language
eng

Abstract

Headstega (Head steganography) is a noiseless steganography that used email headers as a cover for concealing messages. However, it has less embedding capacity and it raises suspicion. For overcoming the problem, bitwise operation is proposed. In the proposed method, the message was embedded into the cover by converting the message and the cover into binary representation based on a mapping table that was already known by the sender and the receiver. Furthermore, XOR bitwise operations were applied to the secret message and cover bits based on random numbers that were generated using a modular function. Moreover, the result was converted into characters that represent the secret message bits. After embedding the message into the cover, an email alias was generated to camouflage the secret message characters. Finally, the sender sends the embedded cover and the email alias to the recipient. Using the proposed method, the embedding capacity is 89% larger than using the original Headstega. For reducing the adversary’s suspicion, the existing email address was used instead of creating a new email address.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

7 authors · 6 co-authorship links · 1 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Telkom University
  • Universitas PGRI Kalimantan
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Prasti Eko YunantoTelkom University1
Farah AfiantiTelkom University1
Widhian BramantyaTelkom University1
Ali MuhammadUniversitas PGRI Kalimantan1
Soni YoraTelkom University1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://jiki.cs.ui.ac.id/index.php/jiki/oai, first harvested 26 Okt 2026, last seen 26 Okt 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Increasing The Capacity of Headstega Based on Bitwise Operation</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Hasmawati, Hasmawati</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Barmawi, Ari Moesriami</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Noiseless Steganography</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Headstega</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Key</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">XOR bitwise operation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Bit randomization</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Headstega (Head steganography) is a noiseless steganography that used email headers as a cover for concealing messages. However, it has less embedding capacity and it raises suspicion. For overcoming the problem, bitwise operation is proposed.  In the proposed method, the message was embedded into the cover by converting the message and the cover into binary representation based on a mapping table that was already known by the sender and the receiver. Furthermore, XOR bitwise operations were applied to the secret message and cover bits based on random numbers that were generated using a modular function. Moreover, the result was converted into characters that represent the secret message bits. After embedding the message into the cover, an email alias was generated to camouflage the secret message characters. Finally, the sender sends the embedded cover and the email alias to the recipient. Using the proposed method, the embedding capacity is 89% larger than using the original Headstega. For reducing the adversary’s suspicion, the existing email address was used instead of creating a new email address.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Faculty of Computer Science  - Universitas Indonesia</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2021-07-04</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:identifier>https://jiki.cs.ui.ac.id/index.php/jiki/article/view/957</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.21609/jiki.v14i2.957</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi; Vol. 14 No. 2 (2021): Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi (Journal of Computer Science and Information); 113-126</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2502-9274</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2088-7051</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.21609/jiki.v14i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://jiki.cs.ui.ac.id/index.php/jiki/article/view/957/447</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2021 Jurnal Ilmu Komputer dan Informasi</dc:rights>
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