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Comparative study of g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O and BiVO₄/Cu₂O photocathodes for enhanced electricity generation and hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic fuel cells

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development : JRED · Vol. 15 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 191–203

DOI
10.61435/ijred.2026.61810
ISSN
2252-4940
Terbit
2026-01-01
Penerbit
Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

The preparation of good photocathodes is a crucial issue regarding promoting the performance of photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) systems for environmentally protective energy conversion approaches. In the present work, a comparative study of Cu₂O-based photocathodes jointly modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) was performed to ascertain their competence towards concomitant electricity generation and hydrogen evolution in an integrated single-chamber photocatalytic fuel cell. Cu substrates were anodized to produce ordered Cu₂O layers, modified with immersion treatments, and then low-temperature calcination. The as-prepared products were characterized in detail by XRD, HR-TEM, UV–Vis DRS, PL spectra, and XPS analyses, as well as photoelectrochemical measurements to gain insight into crystallinity, morphology, photocatalytic activity (optical absorption), electronic structure, and charge recombination. Results revealed that among the pristine Cu₂O and g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O, superior charge separation was exhibited on the BiVO₄/Cu₂O photocathode, along with better power density and hydrogen evolution. The highest power density of BiVO₄/Cu₂O was 0.05625 mW cm⁻² and 13.71 mmol.m⁻² for hydrogen evolution compared to both Cu₂O (0.0375 mW cm⁻²;11.19 mmol.m⁻²) and g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O (0.026 mW cm⁻²; 8.1616 mmol m-2). This observation was supported by the analysis of the photoluminescence spectra: BiVO₄/Cu₂O had PL intensity of 325 a.u., lower than Cu₂O (400 a.u.) and g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O (650 a.u.), validating that this sample more effectively suppressed electron–hole recombination and electron transport mechanism. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiVO₄/Cu₂O is associated with the generation of a p-n heterojunction, which accumulates a built-in electric field to drive effective charge separation and offers visible-light sensitization upon its larger absorption spectrum that is beneficial for not only promoting hydrogen evolution efficiency but also improving electricity production in PFC systems.

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  • University of Indonesia
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Institut Teknologi Indonesia
  • Universitas Trisakti
  • Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral
  • Pertamina (Indonesia)
  • Universitas Gadjah Mada
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Bambang Heru SusantoUniversity of Indonesia4
Reno PratiwiUniversitas Trisakti3
Saddam HuseinUniversitas Malahayati3
Setiadi SetiadiUniversity of Indonesia2
Yuwendi YuwendiUniversity of Indonesia2
Eniya Listiani DewiKementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral2
Farah Diba ToyaUniversity of Indonesia2
Satrio KuntolaksonoInstitut Teknologi Indonesia2
Jarnuzi GunlazuardiUniversity of Indonesia2
Ratnawati RatnawatiInstitut Teknologi Indonesia2
Viona WongsoUniversity of Indonesia2
Didik SudarsonoNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Eriawan RismanaNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Amar Ariza KurniawanUniversity of Indonesia1
Wawan RustyawanPertamina (Indonesia)1
Sukirno SukirnoUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Athiek Sri RedjekiUniversity of Indonesia1
SlametAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Julius Rainer SudiantoUniversity of Indonesia1
Regina UlibasaUniversity of Indonesia1
Nadia MumtazahUniversity of Indonesia1
Nurfadlih SyahlaniNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Rahayu Lestari SugihartiniUniversity of Indonesia1
Saddam HuseinUniversity of Indonesia1
Abdul Hamid BudimanNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Sudirman SudirmanUniversity of Mataram1
Yuyun IrmawatiIndonesian Institute of Sciences1
Shofia ManzaliniSunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Bandung1
Bambang SugengNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Harayasu AsaharaThe University of Osaka1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://ijred.cbiore.id/index.php/ijred/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Comparative study of g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O and BiVO₄/Cu₂O photocathodes for enhanced electricity generation and hydrogen evolution in photocatalytic fuel cells</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Hakim, Muhammad Fahmi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Bachri, Muhammad Febriansyah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ratnawati, Ratnawati</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yudianti, Rike</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ibadurrohman, Muhammad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Slamet, Slamet</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Cu₂O; photocathode; hydrogen evolution; photocatalytic fuel cell; Z-scheme</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">The preparation of good photocathodes is a crucial issue regarding promoting the performance of photocatalytic fuel cell (PFC) systems for environmentally protective energy conversion approaches. In the present work, a comparative study of Cu₂O-based photocathodes jointly modified with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) and bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) was performed to ascertain their competence towards concomitant electricity generation and hydrogen evolution in an integrated single-chamber photocatalytic fuel cell. Cu substrates were anodized to produce ordered Cu₂O layers, modified with immersion treatments, and then low-temperature calcination. The as-prepared products were characterized in detail by XRD, HR-TEM, UV–Vis DRS, PL spectra, and XPS analyses, as well as photoelectrochemical measurements to gain insight into crystallinity, morphology, photocatalytic activity (optical absorption), electronic structure, and charge recombination. Results revealed that among the pristine Cu₂O and g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O, superior charge separation was exhibited on the BiVO₄/Cu₂O photocathode, along with better power density and hydrogen evolution. The highest power density of BiVO₄/Cu₂O was 0.05625 mW cm⁻² and 13.71 mmol.m⁻² for hydrogen evolution compared to both Cu₂O (0.0375 mW cm⁻²;11.19 mmol.m⁻²) and g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O (0.026 mW cm⁻²; 8.1616 mmol m-2). This observation was supported by the analysis of the photoluminescence spectra: BiVO₄/Cu₂O had PL intensity of 325 a.u., lower than Cu₂O (400 a.u.) and g-C₃N₄/Cu₂O (650 a.u.), validating that this sample more effectively suppressed electron–hole recombination and electron transport mechanism. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of BiVO₄/Cu₂O is associated with the generation of a p-n heterojunction, which accumulates a built-in electric field to drive effective charge separation and offers visible-light sensitization upon its larger absorption spectrum that is beneficial for not only promoting hydrogen evolution efficiency but also improving electricity production in PFC systems.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Center of Biomass &amp; Renewable Energy (CBIORE)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-01-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://ijred.cbiore.id/index.php/ijred/article/view/61810</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.61435/ijred.2026.61810</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">International Journal of Renewable Energy Development; Vol 15, No 1 (2026): January 2026; 191-203</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-4940</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ijred.cbiore.id/index.php/ijred/article/view/61810/pdf</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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