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Methyl ester production from high free fatty acid content with Ce/Zeolite bifunctional catalyst

International Journal of Renewable Energy Development : JRED · Vol. 15 No. 3 (2026) · hlm. 570–583

DOI
10.61435/ijred.2026.61945
ISSN
2252-4940
Terbit
2026-05-01
Penerbit
Center of Biomass & Renewable Energy (CBIORE)
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

The production of methyl esters from high free fatty acid (FFA) feedstock remains a critical challenge in biodiesel processing, particularly when using Palm Acid Oil–waste cooking oil (PAO–WCO) with an initial FFA content of 53.21%. Such high FFA content significantly reduces reaction efficiency and necessitates a conventional two-step process involving esterification to lower the FFA level followed by transesterification to convert triglycerides into methyl esters. This multistep approach limits process efficiency and increases operational complexity for high-FFA feedstock. This study investigates the use of a bifunctional Ce/Zeolite catalyst to enable simultaneous esterification and transesterification in a single-step process for high FFA content oil. The zeolite support was synthesized from geothermal waste, and cerium was incorporated via impregnation. The catalyst was characterized using SEM–EDX, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses. The reaction was conducted under various operating conditions, including different temperatures and catalyst loadings. The Ce/Zeolite catalyst exhibited effective bifunctional activity, enhancing the simultaneous conversion of FFAs and triglycerides in high FFA content feedstock. The optimum conditions were a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1, 4 wt% catalyst loading, and a reaction temperature of 50 °C for 180 min. Under these conditions, FAME concentration of 91.5% was obtained, with FFA conversion of 25.31% (reduction of 13.47% FFAs from initial 53.21%) achieved in a single-step transesterification process. These results demonstrate that Ce/Zeolite is a promising bifunctional catalyst for the efficient processing of high FFA content oil, offering a simplified and more sustainable pathway for industrial biodiesel production.

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  • Diponegoro University
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Parepare
  • Universitas Nurul Jadid
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Marcelinus ChristwardanaDiponegoro University5
Kusmiyati KusmiyatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Widayat WidayatAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Arief BudimanAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Mohammad Hossein AhmadiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Abdullah AbdullahUniversitas Muhammadiyah Parepare1
Hamid HamidAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Muhamad Maulana Azimatun NurAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ganang Dwi HartantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Siti JamilatunAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
R. RochmadiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
B. BudhijantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Avido YuliestyanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Apsari Puspita AiniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Achmad RoesyadiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
A AbdullahUniversitas Nurul Jadid1
H. HargonoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Michael Natan SyalomAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Anrey SetiawanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
John PhiliaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Didi Dwi AnggoroAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
S. SilvianaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Cantika Aulia SalsabilaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Kevin AprilioAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Anisa Widia UtamiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Afriza Ni'matus Sa'adahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Febio DalantaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
S SumarnoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Rufaida Nur RostikaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Noer Abyor HandayaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Tri Hieu LeAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Minh Tuan PhamAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Van Viet PhamAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Anh Tuan HoangAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://ijred.cbiore.id/index.php/ijred/oai, pertama di-harvest 8 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 8 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Methyl ester production from high free fatty acid content with Ce/Zeolite bifunctional catalyst</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Syahidah, Aisyah Sabrina Nurul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wilujeng, Dinanti Putrisia</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Widayat, W.</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hadiyanto, H.</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sulardjaka, S.</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ngadi, Noorzita</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">bifunctional catalyst; Ce/Zeolite; methyl ester; high free fatty acid; esterification; transesterification</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">The production of methyl esters from high free fatty acid (FFA) feedstock remains a critical challenge in biodiesel processing, particularly when using Palm Acid Oil–waste cooking oil (PAO–WCO) with an initial FFA content of 53.21%. Such high FFA content significantly reduces reaction efficiency and necessitates a conventional two-step process involving esterification to lower the FFA level followed by transesterification to convert triglycerides into methyl esters. This multistep approach limits process efficiency and increases operational complexity for high-FFA feedstock. This study investigates the use of a bifunctional Ce/Zeolite catalyst to enable simultaneous esterification and transesterification in a single-step process for high FFA content oil. The zeolite support was synthesized from geothermal waste, and cerium was incorporated via impregnation. The catalyst was characterized using SEM–EDX, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analyses. The reaction was conducted under various operating conditions, including different temperatures and catalyst loadings. The Ce/Zeolite catalyst exhibited effective bifunctional activity, enhancing the simultaneous conversion of FFAs and triglycerides in high FFA content feedstock. The optimum conditions were a methanol-to-oil molar ratio of 12:1, 4 wt% catalyst loading, and a reaction temperature of 50 °C for 180 min. Under these conditions, FAME concentration of 91.5% was obtained, with FFA conversion of 25.31% (reduction of 13.47% FFAs from initial 53.21%) achieved in a single-step transesterification process. These results demonstrate that Ce/Zeolite is a promising bifunctional catalyst for the efficient processing of high FFA content oil, offering a simplified and more sustainable pathway for industrial biodiesel production.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Center of Biomass &amp; Renewable Energy (CBIORE)</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-05-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://ijred.cbiore.id/index.php/ijred/article/view/61945</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.61435/ijred.2026.61945</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">International Journal of Renewable Energy Development; Vol 15, No 3 (2026): May 2026; 570-583</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2252-4940</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ijred.cbiore.id/index.php/ijred/article/view/61945/pdf</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 The Author(s). Published by Centre of Biomass and Renewable Energy (CBIORE)</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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