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Reconstructing Copyright Protection for Artificial Intelligence-Generated Works

JURNAL HUKUM · Vol. 42 No. 3 (2026) · hlm. 614–646

DOI
10.26532/jh.v42i3.53948
ISSN
2723-6668, 1412-2723
Terbit
2026-07-23
Penerbit
Unissula
Bahasa
en

Abstrak

The development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed the process of intellectual creation and raised issues regarding authorship and copyright ownership. However, Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright is still based on the human authorship paradigm and therefore does not provide legal certainty for works produced with the help of AI. This study aims to analyze the adequacy of legal protection for AI works, identify weaknesses in the concept of creator in Indonesian copyright law, and formulate a Human-Centered Copyright Ownership model. The study uses a normative legal method with a statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case approach through an analysis of laws and regulations, international instruments, court decisions, doctrines, and scientific literature. The results of the study indicate that Indonesian copyright law still experiences a normative vacuum regarding the ownership of AI works and therefore is unable to provide legal certainty. As a novelty, this study offers a Human-Centered Copyright Ownership model that positions AI as a creative tool, while copyright ownership is determined based on substantial human creative contribution. This model provides more objective normative parameters for determining creators and copyright holders and serves as a basis for reforming the Copyright Law to achieve a balance between protecting human creativity, legal certainty, and technological innovation.

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13 penulis · 28 tautan kepenulisan bersama · 18 lintas organisasi

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  • Universitas Kristen Indonesia
  • Institut Bisnis dan Informatika Kesatuan
  • University of Toronto Scarborough
  • The Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn
  • Sultan Agung Islamic University
  • University of Trento
  • Pancasila University
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Tampilkan sebagai tabel
Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Abu Hena Mostofa KamalThe Honourable Society of Lincoln's Inn1
Dhaniswara K. HarjonoUniversitas Kristen Indonesia1
Hulman PanjaitanUniversitas Kristen Indonesia1
Moermahadi SoerjadjanegaraInstitut Bisnis dan Informatika Kesatuan1
Hendra SusantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Gunarto GunartoSultan Agung Islamic University1
Adies KadirAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Md Adnan KabirUniversity of Trento1
Agung IriantoroPancasila University1
Junimart GirsangNanyang Technological University1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jurnalhukum/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Reconstructing Copyright Protection for Artificial Intelligence-Generated Works</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nainggolan, Bernard</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Suwarno, Suwarno</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Dafa, Keisha Dearin</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Copyright</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Intellectual Property Law</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Generative Artificial Intelligence</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Human Authorship</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Human-Centered Copyright Ownership</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">The development of Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed the process of intellectual creation and raised issues regarding authorship and copyright ownership. However, Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright is still based on the human authorship paradigm and therefore does not provide legal certainty for works produced with the help of AI. This study aims to analyze the adequacy of legal protection for AI works, identify weaknesses in the concept of creator in Indonesian copyright law, and formulate a Human-Centered Copyright Ownership model. The study uses a normative legal method with a statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case approach through an analysis of laws and regulations, international instruments, court decisions, doctrines, and scientific literature. The results of the study indicate that Indonesian copyright law still experiences a normative vacuum regarding the ownership of AI works and therefore is unable to provide legal certainty. As a novelty, this study offers a Human-Centered Copyright Ownership model that positions AI as a creative tool, while copyright ownership is determined based on substantial human creative contribution. This model provides more objective normative parameters for determining creators and copyright holders and serves as a basis for reforming the Copyright Law to achieve a balance between protecting human creativity, legal certainty, and technological innovation.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Unissula</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-07-23</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jurnalhukum/article/view/53948</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.26532/jh.v42i3.53948</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Jurnal Hukum; Vol. 42 No. 3 (2026): Jurnal Hukum; 614-646</dc:source>
	<dc:source xml:lang="id">Jurnal Hukum; Vol 42 No 3 (2026): Jurnal Hukum; 614-646</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2723-6668</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1412-2723</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.26532/jh.v42i3</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://jurnal.unissula.ac.id/index.php/jurnalhukum/article/view/53948/16930</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Bernard Nainggolan, Suwarno, Keisha Dearin Dafa</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>