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The Differences in Blood Lead Levels in Women with Gestational Hypertension or Pre-Eclampsia and Women with Normal Pregnancy (A Study in the North Coast of Java, Brebes District)

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) · Vol. 14 No. 1 (2022) · hlm. 27–36

DOI
10.20473/jkl.v14i1.2022.27-36
ISSN
2540-881X, 1829-7285
Terbit
2022-01-26
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Introduction: Gestational Hypertension (GH) and Pre-eclampsia (PE) are the leading causes of maternal death. Exposure to lead from the environment, especially agricultural activities, may cause pregnant women to suffer from GH and PE. GH/ PE may occur through oxidative stress mechanisms and progressive endothelial damage. Brebes District is one of the areas with the highest Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in Central Java where the occurrence of GH/PE was a lot. This study aimed to analyze the differences in Blood Lead Levels (BLL) in pregnant women with GH/PE and normal pregnant women in Brebes District. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. By selecting and applying inclusion criteria, 18 subjects were selected for the GH/PE group (case group), and 46 subjects were selected for the normotension group (control group). Measurement of BLL was carried out using the Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Some of the statistical methods used were independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test, multivariate logistic regression test, and Rank-Spearman correlation test. The risk estimate was calculated from the Odds-Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results and Discussion: The median value and range of the BLL in the case and control groups were 40.20 g/dL (15.50-89.20) and 32.75 g/dL (3.60-42.80), respectively (p = 0.011). Pregnant women with the BLL of ≥ 35.15 g/dL had eight times the risk of experiencing GH/PE (Adj-OR = 8.1; 95% CI = 1.7-39.0). Exposure to lead will increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in addition to increasing the blood pressure. Conclusion: The BLL in pregnant women with GH/PE is higher than women with normal pregnancy, and the BLL in the high category is a risk factor for GH/PE.

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  • Diponegoro University
  • State University of Semarang
  • Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Bengkulu
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Bagoes WidjanarkoDiponegoro University4
Ani MargawatiDiponegoro University4
Sri Achadi NugraheniDiponegoro University3
Dina Rahayuning PangestutiDiponegoro University3
Sulistiyani SulistiyaniDiponegoro University3
Suratman SuratmanUniversitas Gadjah Mada2
Suyatno SuyatnoDiponegoro University2
Mursid RaharjoDiponegoro University2
Nikie Astorina Yunita DewantiDiponegoro University2
SuhartonoDiponegoro University2
Cahya Tri PurnamiDiponegoro University2
Ayun SriatmiDiponegoro University2
Sutopo Patria JatiDiponegoro University2
Novia HandayaniDiponegoro University2
Mursid RaharjoDiponegoro University2
Devi Ayu SusilowatiDiponegoro University1
Mateus Sakundarno AdiDiponegoro University1
Aisyah Nurul HidayahDiponegoro University1
Citta Zahra PrimaliaDiponegoro University1
Amin YusufState University of Semarang1
Nur Septhalny IsnainunState University of Semarang1
Rahma Ta'nisatul QulubState University of Semarang1
BudiyonoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Efa NugrohoState University of Semarang1
Ayu IstiadaState University of Semarang1
Moch Taufik HidayatullahDiponegoro University1
Kustiono KustionoState University of Semarang1
Erika RahayuState University of Semarang1
Ailsa Devina RosahadaDiponegoro University1
Bintang Agustina PratiwiUniversitas Muhammadiyah Bengkulu1
Septo Pawelas ArsoDiponegoro University1
Sri WinarniDiponegoro University1
Atik MawarniDiponegoro University1
Alfi Fairuz AsnaDiponegoro University1
Naila FauziatinDiponegoro University1
Shabrina Nuril ZhafiraDiponegoro University1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">The Differences in Blood Lead Levels in Women with Gestational Hypertension or Pre-Eclampsia and Women with Normal Pregnancy (A Study in the North Coast of Java, Brebes District)</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Suhartono, Suhartono</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Kartini, Apoina</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Budiyono, Budiyono</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Darundiati, Yusniar Hanani</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Blood lead levels</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Pregnant women</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Gestational hypertension</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Pre-eclampsia</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Introduction: Gestational Hypertension (GH) and Pre-eclampsia (PE) are the leading causes of maternal death. Exposure to lead from the environment, especially agricultural activities, may cause pregnant women to suffer from GH and PE. GH/ PE may occur through oxidative stress mechanisms and progressive endothelial damage. Brebes District is one of the areas with the highest Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) in Central Java where the occurrence of GH/PE was a lot. This study aimed to analyze the differences in Blood Lead Levels (BLL) in pregnant women with GH/PE and normal pregnant women in Brebes District. Methods: This study used a cross-sectional design. By selecting and applying inclusion criteria, 18 subjects were selected for the GH/PE group (case group), and 46 subjects were selected for the normotension group (control group). Measurement of BLL was carried out using the Atomic-Absorption Spectrometry (AAS). Some of the statistical methods used were independent t-test, Mann-Whitney test, Chi-square test, multivariate logistic regression test, and Rank-Spearman correlation test. The risk estimate was calculated from the Odds-Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI). Results and Discussion: The median value and range of the BLL in the case and control groups were 40.20 g/dL (15.50-89.20) and 32.75 g/dL (3.60-42.80), respectively (p = 0.011). Pregnant women with the BLL of ≥ 35.15 g/dL had eight times the risk of experiencing GH/PE (Adj-OR = 8.1; 95% CI = 1.7-39.0). Exposure to lead will increase the production of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), resulting in oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction in addition to increasing the blood pressure. Conclusion: The BLL in pregnant women with GH/PE is higher than women with normal pregnancy, and the BLL in the high category is a risk factor for GH/PE.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2022-01-26</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/31484</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jkl.v14i1.2022.27-36</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ; Vol. 14 No. 1 (2022): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN; 27-36</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2540-881X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1829-7285</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/31484/16902</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2022 JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>