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Identification of Lead Contamination in the Food Chain and Environment Surrounding Breastfeeding Mothers in Highland Agricultural Areas

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) · Vol. 17 No. 1 (2025) · hlm. 22–30

DOI
10.20473/jkl.v17i1.2025.22-30
ISSN
2540-881X, 1829-7285
Terbit
2025-01-31
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Introduction: Lead in the environment can be more easily absorbed by individuals with nutritional deficiencies, particularly breastfeeding mothers residing in agricultural areas near lead sources. Contaminated breast milk can disrupt infants' growth and development. This study aims to identify lead contaminants in the environment and assess the nutritional status of breastfeeding mothers to provide preventive measures. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the highland agricultural area of Semarang Regency in October 2021. Environmental samples, including air from agricultural land, settlements, groundwater, and raw food were carried out as environmental samples from 31 breastfeeding mothers. Dietary intake, haemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and lead levels in breast milk was carried out. Lead content was analysed using ICP-OES. Geographic information system (GIS) was used to compare spatial distribution lead status levels with identified exposure factors. Results and Discussion: Median age of breastfeeding mothers was 24 years, with 72% being housewives, having a senior high school education. Median age of the infants was 2.5 months, 32% being boys, and 48% were exclusively breastfed. Mean hemoglobin level of the mothers was 13 ± 1.4 g/dL (13.8% was anemic) and median lead level in breast milk was 0.019 ppm. None of the mothers met their recommended macro- and micronutrient intake. Lead content in foods was 0.02-0.180 ppm, groundwater 0.017-0.034 ppm, and air 0-1.56 μg/Nm3 over a three-hours. Conclusion: The environment surrounding breastfeeding mothers contains lead, particularly in the air, and these mother experiences nutritional deficiencies, thereby increasing the risk of lead absorption.

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  • Diponegoro University
  • Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Bengkulu
  • Organisasi berbeda
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Alfi Fairuz AsnaDiponegoro University6
Budiyono BudiyonoDiponegoro University6
Bagoes WidjanarkoDiponegoro University4
Sri Achadi NugraheniDiponegoro University3
Suyatno SuyatnoDiponegoro University3
Ani MargawatiDiponegoro University3
Suratman SuratmanUniversitas Gadjah Mada2
Narulita SantiDiponegoro University2
Celsy Miftaqul Tiara FannyDiponegoro University2
Maya Aiko Salsabila PutriDiponegoro University2
Shalza Ellian Farthur IhzaDiponegoro University2
Laili Nur KholidahDiponegoro University2
Shabrina Nuril ZhafiraDiponegoro University2
M. Zen RahfiludinDiponegoro University2
Devi Ayu SusilowatiDiponegoro University1
Mateus Sakundarno AdiDiponegoro University1
Aisyah Nurul HidayahDiponegoro University1
Moch Taufik HidayatullahDiponegoro University1
Saifun HakimDiponegoro University1
Heru PrastawaDiponegoro University1
Siti RohmawatiDiponegoro University1
Ayun SriatmiDiponegoro University1
Sutopo Patria JatiDiponegoro University1
Bintang Agustina PratiwiUniversitas Muhammadiyah Bengkulu1
Septo Pawelas ArsoDiponegoro University1
Sri WinarniDiponegoro University1
Novia HandayaniDiponegoro University1
Cahya Tri PurnamiDiponegoro University1
Atik MawarniDiponegoro University1
Naila FauziatinDiponegoro University1
Syarifah Zahwana Tasya Al IdroesDiponegoro University1
Tarisca RahmatikaDiponegoro University1
Indriana Rahma NidyaDiponegoro University1
Dion Zein NuridzinDiponegoro University1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Identification of Lead Contamination in the Food Chain and Environment Surrounding Breastfeeding Mothers in Highland Agricultural Areas</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Pangestuti, Dina Rahayuning</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Kartini, Apoina</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Suhartono, Suhartono</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Lisnawati, Naintina</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Putranto, Thomas Triadi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Susanto, Novie</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Agriculture</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Breast milk</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Breastfeeding mother</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Food</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Lead</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Introduction: Lead in the environment can be more easily absorbed by individuals with nutritional deficiencies, particularly breastfeeding mothers residing in agricultural areas near lead sources. Contaminated breast milk can disrupt infants' growth and development. This study aims to identify lead contaminants in the environment and assess the nutritional status of breastfeeding mothers to provide preventive measures. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the highland agricultural area of Semarang Regency in October 2021. Environmental samples, including air from agricultural land, settlements, groundwater, and raw food were carried out as environmental samples from 31 breastfeeding mothers. Dietary intake, haemoglobin, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and lead levels in breast milk was carried out. Lead content was analysed using ICP-OES. Geographic information system (GIS) was used to compare spatial distribution lead status levels with identified exposure factors. Results and Discussion: Median age of breastfeeding mothers was 24 years, with 72% being housewives, having a senior high school education. Median age of the infants was 2.5 months, 32% being boys, and 48% were exclusively breastfed. Mean hemoglobin level of the mothers was 13 ± 1.4 g/dL (13.8% was anemic) and median lead level in breast milk was 0.019 ppm. None of the mothers met their recommended macro- and micronutrient intake. Lead content in foods was 0.02-0.180 ppm, groundwater 0.017-0.034 ppm, and air 0-1.56 μg/Nm3 over a three-hours. Conclusion: The environment surrounding breastfeeding mothers contains lead, particularly in the air, and these mother experiences nutritional deficiencies, thereby increasing the risk of lead absorption.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-01-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/62520</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jkl.v17i1.2025.22-30</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2025): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN; 22-30</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2540-881X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1829-7285</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/62520/31635</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/62520/31636</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>