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High Blood Lead Levels as A Risk Factor of Stunting: A Study of Children in Agricultural Areas

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) · Vol. 17 No. 1 (2025) · hlm. 45–53

DOI
10.20473/jkl.v17i1.2025.45-53
ISSN
2540-881X, 1829-7285
Terbit
2025-01-31
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Introduction: The prevalence of stunting among student aged children in Indonesia is relatively high (24.5%). Stunting can threaten the quality of human resources one day. Lead exposure, particularly from pesticides, is thought to disrupt children's development and growth. This study aims to demonstrate that high blood lead levels (BLL) is a risk factor of stunting for children who lives in agricultural areas through the intermediate variable, namely interference with growth hormone (IGF-1). Methods: This study used a case-control design, involving 35 cases (children with HAZ scores of less than -2 SD) and 40 controls (children with HAZ scores of more than -1.5 SD). BLL were measured using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method. Meanwhile, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels using an ELISA kit (R&D Systems). BLL variables and IGF-1 levels were determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results and Discussion: High BLL (>20.44 μg/dL) and low IGF-1 levels (<100 ng/ml) were identified risk factors for stunting in children in agricultural areas with odd ratios (OR) od 2.8 (1.1-7.1) and 3.3 (1.3-8.5) respectively. Meanwhile, a negative correlation was discovered between BLL and IGF-1 levels (p = 0.002, r = -0.356). Conclusion: High lead exposure has been proven to be a risk factor for stunting in children in agricultural areas through the process of interference with the growth hormone, namely IGF-1. Efforts to prevent stunting, especially in agricultural areas, need to take into account exposure to environmental toxicants, including lead from pesticides.

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  • Diponegoro University
  • State University of Semarang
  • Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Bengkulu
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Sri Achadi NugraheniDiponegoro University6
Bagoes WidjanarkoDiponegoro University4
Martha Irene KartasuryaDiponegoro University3
Dina Rahayuning PangestutiDiponegoro University3
Suratman SuratmanUniversitas Gadjah Mada2
Suyatno SuyatnoDiponegoro University2
Nikie Astorina Yunita DewantiDiponegoro University2
Etika Ratna NoerDiponegoro University2
Lia Awwalia MajidaDiponegoro University2
Sulistiyani SulistiyaniDiponegoro University2
Ali RosidiUniversitas Muhammadiyah Semarang2
Ayun SriatmiDiponegoro University2
Sutopo Patria JatiDiponegoro University2
Novia HandayaniDiponegoro University2
Devi Ayu SusilowatiDiponegoro University1
Mateus Sakundarno AdiDiponegoro University1
R. Trikoriyanto E. KoriteluDiponegoro University1
Ahmad SyauqyDiponegoro University1
Aisyah Nurul HidayahDiponegoro University1
Amin YusufState University of Semarang1
Nur Septhalny IsnainunState University of Semarang1
Rahma Ta'nisatul QulubState University of Semarang1
Moch Taufik HidayatullahDiponegoro University1
Fillah Fithra DienyDiponegoro University1
Adilla Eka AfrianiDiponegoro University1
Kustiono KustionoState University of Semarang1
Erika RahayuState University of Semarang1
Ailsa Devina RosahadaDiponegoro University1
Bintang Agustina PratiwiUniversitas Muhammadiyah Bengkulu1
Septo Pawelas ArsoDiponegoro University1
Sri WinarniDiponegoro University1
Cahya Tri PurnamiDiponegoro University1
Atik MawarniDiponegoro University1
Alfi Fairuz AsnaDiponegoro University1
Naila FauziatinDiponegoro University1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">High Blood Lead Levels as A Risk Factor of Stunting: A Study of Children in Agricultural Areas</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Afandi, Alfan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Suhartono, Suhartono</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Budiyono, Budiyono</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Margawati, Ani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Kartini, Apoina</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Agricultural area</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Children</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Lead exposure</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Risk factor</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Stunting</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Introduction: The prevalence of stunting among student aged children in Indonesia is relatively high (24.5%). Stunting can threaten the quality of human resources one day. Lead exposure, particularly from pesticides, is thought to disrupt children's development and growth. This study aims to demonstrate that high blood lead levels (BLL) is a risk factor of stunting for children who lives in agricultural areas through the intermediate variable, namely interference with growth hormone (IGF-1). Methods: This study used a case-control design, involving 35 cases (children with HAZ scores of less than -2 SD) and 40 controls (children with HAZ scores of more than -1.5 SD). BLL were measured using the atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method. Meanwhile, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) levels using an ELISA kit (R&amp;amp;D Systems). BLL variables and IGF-1 levels were determined using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. Results and Discussion: High BLL (&amp;gt;20.44 μg/dL) and low IGF-1 levels (&amp;lt;100 ng/ml) were identified risk factors for stunting in children in agricultural areas with odd ratios (OR) od 2.8 (1.1-7.1) and 3.3 (1.3-8.5) respectively. Meanwhile, a negative correlation was discovered between BLL and IGF-1 levels (p = 0.002, r = -0.356). Conclusion: High lead exposure has been proven to be a risk factor for stunting in children in agricultural areas through the process of interference with the growth hormone, namely IGF-1. Efforts to prevent stunting, especially in agricultural areas, need to take into account exposure to environmental toxicants, including lead from pesticides.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-01-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/64145</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jkl.v17i1.2025.45-53</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ; Vol. 17 No. 1 (2025): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN; 45-53</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2540-881X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1829-7285</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/64145/31639</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/64145/31640</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>