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Heavy Metals Pollution in Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study from Kulim Hi-Tech Park, Malaysia

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) · Vol. 17 No. 3 (2025) · hlm. 256–267

DOI
10.20473/jkl.v17i3.2025.256-267
ISSN
2540-881X, 1829-7285
Terbit
2025-07-28
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Introduction: Heavy metal content within drinking water poses significant risks to health and the environment. Given industrial impact on Kulim’s water quality, this study determined the concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) in various water sources around Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP) and assess associated with chronic heath risks. Methods: We measured these five heavy metals in 30 water samples from tap water, rivers, and ponds, within and around Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP), using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Non-carcinogenic risk was assessed by calculating Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI), while carcinogenic risk used Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR). Results and Discussion: Mean concentrations averaged between 0.0177 ± 0.0017 mg/L and 0.8652 ± 0.0606 mg/L; nickel showed the highest mean, followed by iron, zinc, manganese, and cadmium. Notably, concentrations of nickel, and in some instances iron and cadmium, exceeded regulatory limits. HQ and HI suggested no immediate adverse health effects from exposure to iron, manganese, and zinc. However, ELCR values for cadmium and nickel surpassed acceptable levels, indicating potential carcinogenic risks from long-term exposure. It is important to note that risk assessment for iron, manganese, and zinc is based on mean concentrations that include proportion of samples below the Limit of Quantification (LOQ), warranting cautious interpretation. Conclusion: This study provides crucial baseline data on heavy metals in KHTP water resources, underscores more investigation and potential remediation strategies to safeguard public and environmental health.

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  • Universitas Airlangga
  • Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • Universitas Bhakti Kencana
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Juliana JalaludinUniversiti Putra Malaysia2
Syamsiar S. RussengAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Eshaifol Azam OmarAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Nor Effa Syazuli ZulkafliAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Suherdin SuherdinUniversitas Bhakti Kencana1
Rahmadani RahmadaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nur Izzah Ismahani IsmanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nur Faseeha SuhaimiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Fahimah HashimAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Tri MartianaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Isna FadilaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Arya Zulfikar ParamartaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nurul Izzah Abdul SamadAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Anis Adiba AdnanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nursuhaili Mohd AminAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nurul Atikah Che HasanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nurhidayah SabriAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Herdianti HattaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nurul Ainun HamzahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Rezania AsyfiradayatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Siti Rohana Mohd YatimAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Huda Abdul SalamAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nur Azalina Suzianti FeisalAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nadiah Wan RasdiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Abdullah Al-MamunAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nur Anisah RahmawatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Tofan Agung Eka PrasetyaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Herman Bagus DwicahyoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mardliyatus SholihahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Aristy Yulanda AmbaraniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Heavy Metals Pollution in Drinking Water Sources: A Case Study from Kulim Hi-Tech Park, Malaysia</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Zainon, Muhamad Radzi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Aziz, Mohd Yusmaidie</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ishak, Ahmad Razali</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Abdullah, Muhamad Azwat</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator> Tualeka, Abdul Rohim</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Mohamed, Rafeezul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Edinur, Hisham Atan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Mualif, Siti Aisyah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Zabidi, Muhammad Azrul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Waras, Maisarah Nasution</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Drinking Water</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Hazard Quotient</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US"> Health risk</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Heavy Metals</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Spectroscopy</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Introduction: Heavy metal content within drinking water poses significant risks to health and the environment. Given industrial impact on Kulim’s water quality, this study determined the concentrations of iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), and nickel (Ni) in various water sources around Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP) and assess associated with chronic heath risks. Methods: We measured these five heavy metals in 30 water samples from tap water, rivers, and ponds, within and around Kulim Hi-Tech Park (KHTP), using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy. Non-carcinogenic risk was assessed by calculating Hazard Quotient (HQ) and Hazard Index (HI), while carcinogenic risk used Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk (ELCR). Results and Discussion: Mean concentrations averaged between 0.0177 ± 0.0017 mg/L and 0.8652 ± 0.0606 mg/L; nickel showed the highest mean, followed by iron, zinc, manganese, and cadmium. Notably, concentrations of nickel, and in some instances iron and cadmium, exceeded regulatory limits. HQ and HI suggested no immediate adverse health effects from exposure to iron, manganese, and zinc. However, ELCR values for cadmium and nickel surpassed acceptable levels, indicating potential carcinogenic risks from long-term exposure. It is important to note that risk assessment for iron, manganese, and zinc is based on mean concentrations that include proportion of samples below the Limit of Quantification (LOQ), warranting cautious interpretation. Conclusion: This study provides crucial baseline data on heavy metals in KHTP water resources, underscores more investigation and potential remediation strategies to safeguard public and environmental health.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-07-28</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/72020</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jkl.v17i3.2025.256-267</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ; Vol. 17 No. 3 (2025): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN; 256-267</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2540-881X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1829-7285</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/72020/33835</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/72020/33464</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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