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Pesticide Exposure and Hypertension Risk in Indonesian Agricultural Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) · Vol. 17 No. 3 (2025) · hlm. 230–244

DOI
10.20473/jkl.v17i3.2025.230-244
ISSN
2540-881X, 1829-7285
Terbit
2025-07-28
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Introduction: Agriculture workers exposed to pesticides are at high risk for hypertension, which is known as a cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Due to agricultural relevance and pesticides exposure, pesticide use and hypertension have garnered attention. This study investigated pesticide exposure and hypertension risk. Discussion: In line with the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies published between 2015 and 2024. A total of 14 studies from Indonesia focusing on agriculture were selected, representing a variety of geographic areas and research methods. The pooled analysis revealed a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.64 (95% CI: 1.35–1.99), indicating that farmers exposed to pesticides had a far higher risk of hypertension than those who were not. Long-term exposure, higher doses of pesticides containing active ingredients of commonly used pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos and profenofos, frequent spraying, improper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), age, smoking, and work-related stress all increased risk. Pesticides can affect cardiovascular control through oxidative stress, neuroendocrine disruption, and endocrine disruption, according to global reports. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis underscores the significant environmental health risks posed by pesticides exposure, particularly its contribution to hypertension among Indonesian agriculture workers. Prolonged exposure, inadequate use of PPE, and poor safety practices exacerbate these risks. The findings highlight the urgent need for stricter environmental health regulations, the implementation of integrated pest management, and improved education on pesticide safety. These measures are essential to protect agricultural workers and reduce pesticide-related health risks in communities.

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  • Jenderal Soedirman University
  • Universitas Airlangga
  • Sebelas Maret University
  • Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • Universitas Jember
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  • Organisasi berbeda
  • Organisasi sama
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Syifa Ula HamidyaJenderal Soedirman University2
Suratman SuratmanJenderal Soedirman University2
Nur UlfahJenderal Soedirman University2
Arih Puspita MurtiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Yemima Sahmura VividiaJenderal Soedirman University2
Roro AzizahUniversitas Airlangga2
Annisa Fitria NurdiansariJenderal Soedirman University2
Revalina Putri JuliyantiJenderal Soedirman University2
Annastya KinasihJenderal Soedirman University2
R. AzizahUniversitas Airlangga1
Juliana JalaludinUniversiti Putra Malaysia1
Globila NurikaUniversitas Jember1
Mochammad SholehhudinUniversitas Airlangga1
Zaneta Aaqilah SalsabilaUniversitas Airlangga1
Zafira Nuha NauraUniversitas Airlangga1
Okid Parama AstirinSebelas Maret University1
Nugroho Andi PurnomoSebelas Maret University1
Agnes Fitria WidiyantoJenderal Soedirman University1
Gita OktavanaJenderal Soedirman University1
Selri AmeliaJenderal Soedirman University1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Pesticide Exposure and Hypertension Risk in Indonesian Agricultural Workers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Suratman</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ali, Khaidar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rizaldi, Muhammad Addin</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Cardiovascular Dysfunction</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Farming Practices</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Farmworkers</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Pesticide Application</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Pesticide Toxicity</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Introduction: Agriculture workers exposed to pesticides are at high risk for hypertension, which is known as a cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide. Due to agricultural relevance and pesticides exposure, pesticide use and hypertension have garnered attention. This study investigated pesticide exposure and hypertension risk. Discussion: In line with the PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of cross-sectional studies published between 2015 and 2024. A total of 14 studies from Indonesia focusing on agriculture were selected, representing a variety of geographic areas and research methods. The pooled analysis revealed a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.64 (95% CI: 1.35–1.99), indicating that farmers exposed to pesticides had a far higher risk of hypertension than those who were not. Long-term exposure, higher doses of pesticides containing active ingredients of commonly used pesticides, such as chlorpyrifos and profenofos, frequent spraying, improper use of personal protective equipment (PPE), age, smoking, and work-related stress all increased risk. Pesticides can affect cardiovascular control through oxidative stress, neuroendocrine disruption, and endocrine disruption, according to global reports. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis underscores the significant environmental health risks posed by pesticides exposure, particularly its contribution to hypertension among Indonesian agriculture workers. Prolonged exposure, inadequate use of PPE, and poor safety practices exacerbate these risks. The findings highlight the urgent need for stricter environmental health regulations, the implementation of integrated pest management, and improved education on pesticide safety. These measures are essential to protect agricultural workers and reduce pesticide-related health risks in communities.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-07-28</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/72806</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jkl.v17i3.2025.230-244</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ; Vol. 17 No. 3 (2025): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN; 230-244</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2540-881X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1829-7285</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/72806/33834</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/72806/33459</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>