Melola Discovery

← Melola Discovery

Akses terbuka Jurnal SINTA 1

Indoor PM₂.₅ and CO₂ Exposure and Respiratory Symptoms Among Toddlers in Daycare Centers in Surabaya

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) · Vol. 18 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 85–92

DOI
10.20473/jkl.v18i1.2026.85-92
ISSN
2540-881X, 1829-7285
Terbit
2026-01-27
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Introduction: The high intensity of transportation and urban activities in Surabaya causes PM2.5 and CO2 exposure to fall into the unhealthy category for vulnerable group, including toddlers. The aims of this study is to investigate the association between indoor air quality and respiratory symptoms among toddlers in daycare centers in Surabaya. Methods: The research design of this study was cross-sectional and conducted in 15 daycare centers. The sample of this study were 149 toddlers aged 0–60 months and randomly selected from a total of 278 population. Respiratory symptoms were measured using the ISAAC questionnaire who was administered to parents. PM2.5 and CO2 were measured using AiRBOXSense Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors (LAQSs). Results and Discussion: The study shows that toddlers aged 24-60 months who experienced respiratory symptoms (69.4%) were higher than toddlers aged 0–24 months who experienced respiratory symptoms (30.6%). There was no significant association between respiratory symptoms and PM2.5. Significant associations were found only between respiratory symptoms and CO2 levels in the playroom (p = 0.041). Elevated levels of PM2.5 and CO2 were also observed in several daycare centers (bedroom and playroom). Conclusion: CO2 might be the only parameters that was directly associated with respiratory symptoms in this study. However, elevated PM2.5 and CO2 levels suggest potential long-term risks. Prevention efforts, continuous monitoring, and improvement of indoor environments in daycare settings were essentials to minimize potential exposures.

Kata kunci

Jaringan kolaborasi para penulis

40 penulis · 133 tautan kepenulisan bersama · 45 lintas organisasi · menampilkan 40 yang paling banyak terhubung

Arahkan kursor atau ketuk sebuah nama untuk menyorot rekan penulisnya. Klik dua kali untuk membuka halaman penulis.

  • Universitas Airlangga
  • Universiti Teknologi MARA
  • Universiti of Malaysia Sabah
  • Universiti Putra Malaysia
  • Lambung Mangkurat University
  • Ministry of Health and Social Welfare
  • Afiliasi tidak diketahui
  • Organisasi berbeda
  • Organisasi sama
  • Afiliasi tidak diketahui
  • Garis lebih tebal = lebih banyak artikel bersama · lingkaran lebih besar = lebih banyak artikel
Tampilkan sebagai tabel
Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Aditya Sukma PawitraUniversitas Airlangga10
Lilis SulistyoriniUniversitas Airlangga5
Zainul Amiruddin ZakariaUniversiti of Malaysia Sabah4
Ririh YudhastutiUniversitas Airlangga4
Rania Ichwana WicaksonoUniversitas Airlangga3
Nafi'atul IrbahUniversitas Airlangga3
Zida HusninaUniversitas Airlangga3
Diva Alishya ShafwahUniversitas Airlangga3
Shaharuddin Mohd ShamUniversiti Putra Malaysia2
Renaningtyas NityasaniUniversitas Airlangga2
Shamsul Bahari ShamsudinUniversiti of Malaysia Sabah2
Rahmat DapariUniversiti Putra Malaysia2
Muhammad Rasyid RidhaLambung Mangkurat University2
Babucarr JasseyMinistry of Health and Social Welfare2
Rika SatyadewiUniversitas Airlangga2
Arina Mufida ErsantiUniversitas Airlangga2
R. AzizahUniversitas Airlangga2
Sigit Ari SaputroUniversitas Airlangga2
Nahdhiah Khoirun NisaUniversitas Airlangga1
I Gde Raju Sathya MurtiUniversitas Airlangga1
Asriani MuflihahUniversitas Airlangga1
Retno AndriyaniUniversitas Airlangga1
Ratnaningtyas Wahyu Kusuma WardaniUniversitas Airlangga1
Mochamad Rizal MaulanaUniversitas Airlangga1
Fransisca SusilastutiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Feryalin NavyantiUniversitas Airlangga1
Dwi Sinta NirmalaUniversitas Airlangga1
Inta HestyaUniversitas Airlangga1
Devi Anggar OktavianiUniversitas Airlangga1
Upi - AlmasariUniversitas Airlangga1
Ika PrastianiUniversitas Airlangga1
Siswati SiswatiUniversitas Airlangga1
Muhimatul UmmahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Indoor PM₂.₅ and CO₂ Exposure and Respiratory Symptoms Among Toddlers in Daycare Centers in Surabaya</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Corie Indria Prasasti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Retno Adriyani</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Khuliyah Candraning Diyanah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Namira Zulaikha Putri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ahmad Zia Ul-Saufie </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Siti Nurshahida Nazli</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Galuh Mega Kurnia</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Indoor Air Quality</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Physical Daycare Environment</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Respiratory Complaint</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Toddler</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Introduction: The high intensity of transportation and urban activities in Surabaya causes PM2.5 and CO2 exposure to fall into the unhealthy category for vulnerable group, including toddlers. The aims of this study is to investigate the association between indoor air quality and respiratory symptoms among toddlers in daycare centers in Surabaya. Methods: The research design of this study was cross-sectional and conducted in 15 daycare centers. The sample of this study were 149 toddlers aged 0–60 months and randomly selected from a total of 278 population. Respiratory symptoms were measured using the ISAAC questionnaire who was administered to parents. PM2.5 and CO2 were measured using AiRBOXSense Low-Cost Air Quality Sensors (LAQSs). Results and Discussion: The study shows that toddlers aged 24-60 months who experienced respiratory symptoms (69.4%) were higher than toddlers aged 0–24 months who experienced respiratory symptoms (30.6%). There was no significant association between respiratory symptoms and PM2.5. Significant associations were found only between respiratory symptoms and CO2 levels in the playroom (p = 0.041). Elevated levels of PM2.5 and CO2 were also observed in several daycare centers (bedroom and playroom). Conclusion: CO2 might be the only parameters that was directly associated with respiratory symptoms in this study. However, elevated PM2.5 and CO2 levels suggest potential long-term risks. Prevention efforts, continuous monitoring, and improvement of indoor environments in daycare settings were essentials to minimize potential exposures.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-01-27</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/83164</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jkl.v18i1.2026.85-92</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ; Vol. 18 No. 1 (2026): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN; 85-92</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2540-881X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1829-7285</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/83164/35723</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/83164/35999</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>