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Determinants of Lead Concentration in Human Breast Milk in Communities Exposed to Volcanic Hazards of Mount Merapi

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) · Vol. 18 No. 3 (2026) · hlm. 265–274

DOI
10.20473/jkl.v18i3.2026.265-274
ISSN
2540-881X, 1829-7285
Terbit
2026-07-17
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Introduction: Lead in breast milk could be damaging to an infant’s growth, and communities near Mount Merapi might contain heavy metals from the volcano’s activity. However, lead contamination of breast milk remain unexplored. So, this study aimed to find what things affect the amount of lead in the breast milk of mothers living in areas with volcanic risk. Methods: A survey of 129 randomly selected breastfeeding mothers from volcanic hazard zones I, II, and III. We measured lead in breast milk using ICP-MS. We gathered data on possible exposures with interviews and used generalized estimating equations for the analysis. Results and Discussion: Zone I had the most at 10.85 ppb, then Zone II at 6.38 ppb, and Zone III at 1.39 ppb. Mothers in the hazard zones generally had a lot more lead in their breast milk (Exp(B) = 9.798; p 0.05). Conclusion: a mother’s age and if she smokes change the lead amount in her breast milk, and the lead goes up the closer a mother lives to a volcanic hazard.

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  • Diponegoro University
  • Politeknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Semarang
  • Universitas Indonesia Maju
  • Universitas Kristen Indonesia
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Kudus
  • Universitas Teuku Umar
  • Universitas Syiah Kuala
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Mateus Sakundarno AdiDiponegoro University3
Irmawati IrmawatiPoliteknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Semarang2
Daru LestantyoDiponegoro University2
Dion Zein NuridzinDiponegoro University2
Ago HarlimUniversitas Kristen Indonesia2
Ayun SriatmiDiponegoro University2
Sri WinarniDiponegoro University2
Martini MartiniDiponegoro University2
Bagoes WidjanarkoDiponegoro University2
Zahroh ShaluhiyahDiponegoro University2
Bina KurniawanDiponegoro University1
Yuliani SetyaningsihDiponegoro University1
Nurjazuli NurjazuliDiponegoro University1
Zefan Adiputra GoloPoliteknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Semarang1
Adhani WindariPoliteknik Kesehatan Kemenkes Semarang1
Malihah Ramadhani RumUniversitas Indonesia Maju1
Risky Kusuma HartonoUniversitas Indonesia Maju1
Nurul FadhilahDiponegoro University1
Sri WinarniDiponegoro University1
Chronika Kesya SiraitDiponegoro University1
Sakundarno AdiDiponegoro University1
Rina HudayaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Moh Arie WuryantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Retno HestiningsihDiponegoro University1
Sri YuliawatiDiponegoro University1
Henry SetiawanDiponegoro University1
Meira Nur AiniDiponegoro University1
Martini MartiniDiponegoro University1
Dharminto DharmintoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Dwi AstutiUniversitas Muhammadiyah Kudus1
Hasrianti HasriantiDiponegoro University1
Zahro ShaluhiyaDiponegoro University1
Sri WinarniDiponegoro University1
Nurul FadhilahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mardaleta MardaletaUniversitas Teuku Umar1
Syukriy AbdullahUniversitas Syiah Kuala1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Determinants of Lead Concentration in Human Breast Milk in Communities Exposed to Volcanic Hazards of Mount Merapi</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Aisyiah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Mohammad Zen Rahfiludin</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Farid Agushybana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Dwi Sutiningsih</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Heavy Metals</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Lactation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Maternal Age</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Smoking</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Volcanic Exposure</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Introduction: Lead in breast milk could be damaging to an infant’s growth, and communities near Mount Merapi might contain heavy metals from the volcano’s activity. However, lead contamination of breast milk remain unexplored. So, this study aimed to find what things affect the amount of lead in the breast milk of mothers living in areas with volcanic risk. Methods: A survey of 129 randomly selected breastfeeding mothers from volcanic hazard zones I, II, and III. We measured lead in breast milk using ICP-MS. We gathered data on possible exposures with interviews and used generalized estimating equations for the analysis. Results and Discussion: Zone I had the most at 10.85 ppb, then Zone II at 6.38 ppb, and Zone III at 1.39 ppb. Mothers in the hazard zones generally had a lot more lead in their breast milk (Exp(B) = 9.798; p &amp;lt; 0.001). Higher levels were also clearly linked to mothers who smoked (Exp(B) = 211; p &amp;lt; 0.001). There was a clear rise in concentrations with the mother’s age; each additional year of age went with a 1.32x increase (p = 0.041). Mothers in high-risk jobs had less lead in their milk (Exp(B) = 0.04; p = 0.004). Lead levels didn’t clearly relate to the water supply, cosmetics, or exposure to other people’s smoke (p &amp;gt; 0.05). Conclusion: a mother’s age and if she smokes change the lead amount in her breast milk, and the lead goes up the closer a mother lives to a volcanic hazard.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-07-17</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/84932</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jkl.v18i3.2026.265-274</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ; Vol. 18 No. 3 (2026): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN; 265-274</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2540-881X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1829-7285</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/84932/39220</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/84932/39287</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>