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Household Environmental Conditions and Behavioral Risk Factors for Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case–Control Study

JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN (Journal of Environmental Health) · Vol. 18 No. 4 (2026) · hlm. 333–341

DOI
10.20473/jkl.v18i4.2026.333-341
ISSN
2540-881X, 1829-7285
Terbit
2026-10-18
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis remains a public health issue in the service area of the Kragan II Community Health Centre, Rembang Regency. This study examines the association between household environmental conditions and individual behavior and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: A case–control study was conducted using pulmonary TB data from January to September 2024. A total of 68 participants aged ≥ 15 years were included, consisting of 34 smear-positive pulmonary TB cases and 34 community controls without TB history, frequency-matched by age and sex. Variables assessed included room temperature, humidity, indoor lighting, ventilation area, occupancy density, flooring type, sputum disposal practices, and smoking habits. The data were collected through observation and interviews, and were then analyzed using the chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression. Results and Discussion: Pulmonary TB incidence was significantly associated with non-compliant room temperature (OR = 3.378; p = 0.028), inappropriate room humidity (OR = 8.065; p = 0.001), insufficient indoor light intensity (OR = 5.018; p = 0.003), unsafe sputum disposal practices (OR = 9.304; p = 0.001), and smoking habits (OR = 3.429; p = 0.039). In contrast, ventilation area (p = 0.609), occupancy density (p = 0.673), and floor type (p = 0.186) showed no statistically significant association with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: Household environmental factors and individual behavioral practices concurrently increase the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore, integrated prevention strategies focusing on improving housing conditions and strengthening health education are necessary to support tuberculosis control at the community level.

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23 penulis · 53 tautan kepenulisan bersama · 4 lintas organisasi

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  • Diponegoro University
  • State University of Semarang
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Citta Zahra PrimaliaDiponegoro University2
SulistiyaniDiponegoro University2
Andi DaramussengDiponegoro University2
BudiyonoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Efa NugrohoState University of Semarang1
Cahya Tri PurnamiDiponegoro University1
Ayu IstiadaState University of Semarang1
Suhartono SuhartonoDiponegoro University1
Apoina KartiniDiponegoro University1
Budiyono BudiyonoDiponegoro University1
Sulistiyani SulistiyaniDiponegoro University1
Okti Iswari TriswindyaningrumDiponegoro University1
NurjazuliAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mursid RaharjoDiponegoro University1
Wulan MasyithahDiponegoro University1
Onny SetianiDiponegoro University1
Dedeh IstiqomahDiponegoro University1
Onny SetianiDiponegoro University1
NurjazuliDiponegoro University1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Household Environmental Conditions and Behavioral Risk Factors for Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case–Control Study</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Aldi Prastya Kurniawan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Mursid Raharjo</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Suhartono</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yusniar Hanani Darundiati</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Behavioral Practices</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Environmental Factors</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Health Risk</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Sanitation Management</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Tuberculosis</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis remains a public health issue in the service area of the Kragan II Community Health Centre, Rembang Regency. This study examines the association between household environmental conditions and individual behavior and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Methods: A case–control study was conducted using pulmonary TB data from January to September 2024. A total of 68 participants aged ≥ 15 years were included, consisting of 34 smear-positive pulmonary TB cases and 34 community controls without TB history, frequency-matched by age and sex. Variables assessed included room temperature, humidity, indoor lighting, ventilation area, occupancy density, flooring type, sputum disposal practices, and smoking habits. The data were collected through observation and interviews, and were then analyzed using the chi-squared test and multivariate logistic regression. Results and Discussion: Pulmonary TB incidence was significantly associated with non-compliant room temperature (OR = 3.378; p = 0.028), inappropriate room humidity (OR = 8.065; p = 0.001), insufficient indoor light intensity (OR = 5.018; p = 0.003), unsafe sputum disposal practices (OR = 9.304; p = 0.001), and smoking habits (OR = 3.429; p = 0.039). In contrast, ventilation area (p = 0.609), occupancy density (p = 0.673), and floor type (p = 0.186) showed no statistically significant association with the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Conclusion: Household environmental factors and individual behavioral practices concurrently increase the risk of pulmonary tuberculosis. Therefore, integrated prevention strategies focusing on improving housing conditions and strengthening health education are necessary to support tuberculosis control at the community level.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-10-18</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/89857</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jkl.v18i4.2026.333-341</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ; Vol. 18 No. 4 (2026): JURNAL KESEHATAN LINGKUNGAN ; 333-341</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2540-881X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1829-7285</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/89857/41531</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JKL/article/view/89857/41571</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>