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Judicial Pardon Without a Verdict Category: Rechterlijk Pardon and Narcotics Sentencing in Indonesia’s Criminal Law Reform

Jambura Law Review · Vol. UME No. 2 (2026) · hlm. 574–602

DOI
10.33756/jlr.v1i2.36520
ISSN
2656-0461, 2654-9255
Terbit
2026-08-21
Penerbit
Universitas Negeri Gorontalo
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code introduces rechterlijk pardon (judicial pardon) in Article 54 paragraph (2), empowering a court to declare a defendant guilty while withholding punishment or measures in the interests of justice and humanity. This article argues that the principal obstacle to that instrument is not judicial culture but an unresolved procedural status. Law Number 20 of 2025 on the Criminal Procedure Code retains the three-verdict architecture inherited from Law Number 8 of 1981 — conviction, acquittal, and discharge from all charges — and therefore supplies no judgment form in which a pardon can be pronounced, recorded, or reviewed. The study employs normative legal research combining statutory, conceptual, doctrinal, and functional comparative approaches, examining Article 54 paragraph (2) against Article 9a of the Dutch Criminal Code, Article 138 of the Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure, and Dutch case law classifying a finding of guilt without punishment as a conviction. Three findings follow. First, judicial pardon is doctrinally irreducible to discharge from all charges, because it presupposes rather than negates criminal liability. Second, in narcotics cases judicial pardon requires explicit criteria confining it to assessed users and excluding traffickers. Third, judicial pardon reconciles legal justice with moral justice only where discretion is procedurally disciplined. The article proposes recognizing judicial pardon as a fourth verdict category and recommends corresponding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code.

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19 penulis · 42 tautan kepenulisan bersama · 12 lintas organisasi

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  • State University of Gorontalo
  • Abu Dhabi University
  • Khairun University
  • IMC University of Applied Sciences Krems
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Mohamad Taufiq Zulfikar SarsonState University of Gorontalo2
Weny Almoravid DungaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Yassine ChamiAbu Dhabi University1
Ahmad AhmadState University of Gorontalo1
Muhammad MukhtarState University of Gorontalo1
Ahmad AhmadState University of Gorontalo1
Usman RasyidState University of Gorontalo1
Novendri Mohamad NggiluState University of Gorontalo1
Julisa Aprilia KalukuState University of Gorontalo1
Abdul Hamid TomeState University of Gorontalo1
Mellisa TowadiState University of Gorontalo1
Vifi SwarianataState University of Gorontalo1
Anis H. BajrektarevićIMC University of Applied Sciences Krems1
Jufryanto PuluhulawaState University of Gorontalo1

Afiliasi berasal dari OpenAlex; metadata OAI-PMH jurnal tidak memuatnya. Penulis tanpa ID OpenAlex dicocokkan berdasarkan nama, sehingga dua orang bisa tergabung atau satu orang bisa terpisah.

Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jalrev/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Judicial Pardon Without a Verdict Category: Rechterlijk Pardon and Narcotics Sentencing in Indonesia’s Criminal Law Reform</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Malik, Faissal</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Taruna, Bayu Lesmana</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nusa, Apriyanto</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wantu, Fence M</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Mosselhi, Ahmed</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Judicial Pardon; Legal Certainty; Moral Justice; Narcotics Sentencing</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Law Number 1 of 2023 on the Indonesian Criminal Code introduces rechterlijk pardon (judicial pardon) in Article 54 paragraph (2), empowering a court to declare a defendant guilty while withholding punishment or measures in the interests of justice and humanity. This article argues that the principal obstacle to that instrument is not judicial culture but an unresolved procedural status. Law Number 20 of 2025 on the Criminal Procedure Code retains the three-verdict architecture inherited from Law Number 8 of 1981 — conviction, acquittal, and discharge from all charges — and therefore supplies no judgment form in which a pardon can be pronounced, recorded, or reviewed. The study employs normative legal research combining statutory, conceptual, doctrinal, and functional comparative approaches, examining Article 54 paragraph (2) against Article 9a of the Dutch Criminal Code, Article 138 of the Dutch Code of Criminal Procedure, and Dutch case law classifying a finding of guilt without punishment as a conviction. Three findings follow. First, judicial pardon is doctrinally irreducible to discharge from all charges, because it presupposes rather than negates criminal liability. Second, in narcotics cases judicial pardon requires explicit criteria confining it to assessed users and excluding traffickers. Third, judicial pardon reconciles legal justice with moral justice only where discretion is procedurally disciplined. The article proposes recognizing judicial pardon as a fourth verdict category and recommends corresponding amendment of the Criminal Procedure Code.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Negeri Gorontalo</dc:publisher>
	<dc:contributor xml:lang="en-US"></dc:contributor>
	<dc:date>2026-08-21</dc:date>
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	<dc:identifier>https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jalrev/article/view/36520</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.33756/jlr.v1i2.36520</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Jambura Law Review; VOLUME 8 NO. 2 JULY 2026; 574-602</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2656-0461</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2654-9255</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.33756/jlr.v1i2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://ejurnal.ung.ac.id/index.php/jalrev/article/view/36520/14497</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 Faisal Malik, Bayu Lesmana Taruna, Apriyanto Nusa, Fence M Wantu, Ahmed Mosselhi</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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