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Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, Indonesia

Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management · Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025) · hlm. 7379–7388

DOI
10.15243/jdmlm.2025.122.7379
ISSN
2502-2458, 2339-076X
Terbit
2025-01-01
Penerbit
Brawijaya University
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0

Abstrak

Monitoring total suspended solids (TSS) is essential as suspended sediments impact the environment and human health in various ways. However, TSS data are limited in many regions because the methods currently applied through in situ measurements are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The study aimed to develop algorithms to estimate TSS using data derived from UAVs and field measurements. Remote sensing technology, such as unmanaged aerial vehicle (UAV), was applied to obtain imagery data to estimate TSS content. These results were then compared with laboratory analysis of in-situ water samples, determined by gravimetric methods following standard protocols. The results showed that the algorithm developed using three-band ratios, the blue/green + red/green + NIR (near infra red)/green, produces a high R2 (0.70), indicating that this combination is reliable for use in estimating TSS content in a river section. The high accuracy of the red band for suspended sediment prediction is attributed to its spectral signature in turbid water, which shows higher reflectance compared to clean water. The results of this study have the potential to help river managers obtain TSS data quickly at a relatively low cost.

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  • UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
  • Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
  • Meteorological, Climatological, And Geophysical Agency
  • National Taiwan University of Science and Technology
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Wahyu Wisnu WijayaAfiliasi tidak diketahui6
Diah AuliyaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Esa Bagus NugrahantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Dian Candra Rini NovitasariUIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya3
Rahardyan Nugroho AdiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Ghaluh Indah Permata SariNational Taiwan University of Science and Technology2
Fajar YuliantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Gatot NugrohoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Muhammad Iqbal Taufiqurrahman SunariyaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Aris FananiUIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya1
Eka Alifia KusnantiInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember1
Mohammad HafiyusholehAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Diah Devi PramestiUIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya1
Hani KhaulasariUIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya1
Lutfi HakimUIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya1
Risma Madurahma PutriUIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya1
Ahmad Hanif AsyharUIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya1
Dian C. Rini NovitasariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Dina Zatusiva HaqAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Bunga Yuwa PhiadelviraAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nurwita Mustika SariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Dony KushardonoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Zylshal ZylshalAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Anisa Nur AzizahInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember1
Putroue Keumala IntanUIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya1
Dian C.R. NovitasariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Eko PriyantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Suwarsono SuwarsonoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nunung Puji NugrohoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Muhammad Rokhis KhomarudinAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Eddy HermawanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Udhi Catur NugrohoAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hana Listi FitrianaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Developing algorithms for estimating total suspended solids (TSS) using unmanned aerial vehicle: A case study in the Upper Citarum River, Indonesia </dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Setiawan, Fajar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Basuki, Tyas Mutiara</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Santosa, Budi Heru</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Pramono, Irfan Budi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Chulafak, Galdita Aruba</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rahmadya, Aldiano</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nada, Firda Maftukhakh Hilmya</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">algorithm </dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">remote sensing </dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">sedimentation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">soil erosion </dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Monitoring total suspended solids (TSS) is essential as suspended sediments impact the environment and human health in various ways. However, TSS data are limited in many regions because the methods currently applied through in situ measurements are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The study aimed to develop algorithms to estimate TSS using data derived from UAVs and field measurements. Remote sensing technology, such as unmanaged aerial vehicle (UAV), was applied to obtain imagery data to estimate TSS content. These results were then compared with laboratory analysis of in-situ water samples, determined by gravimetric methods following standard protocols. The results showed that the algorithm developed using three-band ratios, the blue/green + red/green + NIR (near infra red)/green, produces a high R2 (0.70), indicating that this combination is reliable for use in estimating TSS content in a river section. The high accuracy of the red band for suspended sediment prediction is attributed to its spectral signature in turbid water, which shows higher reflectance compared to clean water. The results of this study have the potential to help river managers obtain TSS data quickly at a relatively low cost.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Brawijaya University</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-01-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/article/view/16951</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.15243/jdmlm.2025.122.7379</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management; Vol. 12 No. 2 (2025); 7379-7388</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2502-2458</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2339-076X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.15243/jdmlm.2025.122</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://jdmlm.ub.ac.id/index.php/jdmlm/article/view/16951/1269</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of Degraded and Mining Lands Management</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>