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Ship Grounding Is Associated with Distinct Benthic Conditions and Recovery Potential across Indonesian Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)

Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan · Vol. 18 No. 3 (2026) · hlm. 826–845

DOI
10.20473/jipk.v18i3.95214
ISSN
2528-0759, 2085-5842
Terbit
2026-09-18
Penerbit
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Graphical Abstract Highlight Research 1. Ship-grounding sites showed distinct spatial patterns in coral reef benthic condition between Control, Dispersal, and Trajectory zones. 2. Trajectory zones show drastic coral loss and high rubble dominance. 3. Dispersal zones exhibit variable recovery potential depending on substrate stability. 4. The Recovery Potential Index provides an early assessment of recovery potential based on post-grounding benthic conditions, rather than evidence of realized or long-term reef recovery. Abstract Ship grounding physically disturbs coral reefs, yet standardized evidence linking spatial benthic condition with recovery potential across multiple incidents remains limited. This study compared benthic community composition and recovery potential among spatial-reference Control, Dispersal, and Trajectory zones following 18 verified ship-grounding incidents in Indonesian Marine Protected Areas during 2018–2024. An observational post-grounding assessment comprised 108 underwater photo transects, with two transects per zone and incident, surveyed 7–30 days after each grounding. Benthic composition differed among zones (location-blocked PERMANOVA: pseudo-F₂,₁₀₅ = 17.479, R² = 0.2498, p = 0.0001), although multivariate dispersion also varied (PERMDISP: F₂,₁₀₅ = 18.432, p = 0.0001), limiting interpretation of centroid separation alone. Mean hard-coral cover declined across Control, Dispersal, and Trajectory zones (44.99 ± 3.89%, 14.76 ± 1.31%, and 1.96 ± 0.53%, respectively), whereas rubble cover was 4.65 ± 1.12%, 13.70 ± 2.56%, and 35.75 ± 5.21%. Low recovery potential was assigned to 13.9%, 61.1%, and 83.3% of transects, respectively. The Benthic Component Index likewise indicated more favorable conditions in Control zones and the least favorable conditions along vessel trajectories. Together, these spatial comparisons reveal contrasting coral cover, substrate condition, and estimated recovery potential across grounding-associated zones. However, Control sites provided spatial references rather than pre-impact baselines, preventing attribution of observed differences to temporal changes caused by grounding. The Recovery Potential Index describes early habitat conditions, not realized recovery; repeated long-term monitoring is needed to establish whether these classifications correspond to subsequent reef recovery and to inform site-specific monitoring and rehabilitation decisions within these protected marine areas.

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  • Hasanuddin University
  • Universitas Alkhairaat
  • Universitas Cokroaminoto Makassar
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Jamaluddin JompaHasanuddin University5
Ahmad FaizalHasanuddin University2
Muhammad Farid SamawiHasanuddin University2
Safruddin SafruddinHasanuddin University2
Dietriech Geoffrey BengenAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Ahmad FaizalAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Hasriani Ayu LestariAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Lisa Indriani BangkeleUniversitas Alkhairaat1
Kasman KasimUniversitas Alkhairaat1
Sjarifuddin EndeUniversitas Alkhairaat1
Siti Fathurahmi WahidUniversitas Alkhairaat1
Nur AisyahUniversitas Alkhairaat1
NilsaUniversitas Alkhairaat1
Hamzah HamzahHasanuddin University1
Arniati ArniatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Shinta WerorilangiHasanuddin University1
Akbar TahirHasanuddin University1
Ahmad FaisalAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Syafyudin YusufHasanuddin University1
Fitriani FitrianiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Abd RasyidAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Rahmadi TambaruHasanuddin University1
Tamzil IbrahimHasanuddin University1
Abdurrahman KarimHasanuddin University1
Aswar AswarHasanuddin University1
Rahmadanih RahmadanihHasanuddin University1
Ahmad IsmailHasanuddin University1
Mustaking MustakingAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Andi Muh Baso IqbalAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Lukman DarisUniversitas Cokroaminoto Makassar1
Andi Nur Apung MassisengHasanuddin University1
Muhammad Natsir NessaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Mukti ZainuddinHasanuddin University1
Muhammad Abduh Ibnu HajarHasanuddin University1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/index.php/JIPK/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Ship Grounding Is Associated with Distinct Benthic Conditions and Recovery Potential across Indonesian Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Idris</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rani, Chair  </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yusuf, Syafyudin  </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Moore, Abigail Mary  </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Demmallino , Eymal Bahsar </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Johan, Ofri  </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Marine Protected Areas</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Ship Grounding</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Benthic community</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Coral reefs</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Recovery potential</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Graphical Abstract

Highlight Research 
1. Ship-grounding sites showed distinct spatial patterns in coral reef benthic condition between Control, Dispersal, and Trajectory zones.
2. Trajectory zones show drastic coral loss and high rubble dominance.
3. Dispersal zones exhibit variable recovery potential depending on substrate stability.
4. The Recovery Potential Index provides an early assessment of recovery potential based on post-grounding benthic conditions, rather than evidence of realized or long-term reef recovery.
 
Abstract
Ship grounding physically disturbs coral reefs, yet standardized evidence linking spatial benthic condition with recovery potential across multiple incidents remains limited. This study compared benthic community composition and recovery potential among spatial-reference Control, Dispersal, and Trajectory zones following 18 verified ship-grounding incidents in Indonesian Marine Protected Areas during 2018–2024. An observational post-grounding assessment comprised 108 underwater photo transects, with two transects per zone and incident, surveyed 7–30 days after each grounding. Benthic composition differed among zones (location-blocked PERMANOVA: pseudo-F₂,₁₀₅ = 17.479, R² = 0.2498, p = 0.0001), although multivariate dispersion also varied (PERMDISP: F₂,₁₀₅ = 18.432, p = 0.0001), limiting interpretation of centroid separation alone. Mean hard-coral cover declined across Control, Dispersal, and Trajectory zones (44.99 ± 3.89%, 14.76 ± 1.31%, and 1.96 ± 0.53%, respectively), whereas rubble cover was 4.65 ± 1.12%, 13.70 ± 2.56%, and 35.75 ± 5.21%. Low recovery potential was assigned to 13.9%, 61.1%, and 83.3% of transects, respectively. The Benthic Component Index likewise indicated more favorable conditions in Control zones and the least favorable conditions along vessel trajectories. Together, these spatial comparisons reveal contrasting coral cover, substrate condition, and estimated recovery potential across grounding-associated zones. However, Control sites provided spatial references rather than pre-impact baselines, preventing attribution of observed differences to temporal changes caused by grounding. The Recovery Potential Index describes early habitat conditions, not realized recovery; repeated long-term monitoring is needed to establish whether these classifications correspond to subsequent reef recovery and to inform site-specific monitoring and rehabilitation decisions within these protected marine areas.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-18</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JIPK/article/view/95214</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jipk.v18i3.95214</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan; Vol. 18 No. 3 (2026): JURNAL ILMIAH PERIKANAN DAN KELAUTAN; 826-845</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2528-0759</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2085-5842</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JIPK/article/view/95214/40991</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Ilmiah Perikanan dan Kelautan</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>