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Detection of the iroN gene in strains of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in ducks at the Surabaya live market

Jurnal Medik Veteriner · Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 242–258

DOI
10.20473/jmv.vol9.iss1.2026.242-258
ISSN
2581-012X, 2615-7497
Terbit
2026-04-01
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Escherichia coli normally inhabits the intestinal tract of poultry as a commensal organism; however, specific strains such as avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) may become opportunistic pathogens responsible for colibacillosis in birds. The inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase antimicrobial resistance, which may impact public health. This study aimed to detect the presence of the iroN virulence gene specifically in multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates associated with APEC obtained from duck cloacal swabs collected at live markets in Surabaya. This study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional survey, and the results are presented as prevalence proportions without inferential or correlation statistical testing, as iroN detection was performed exclusively on MDR isolates. Samples were collected from five live markets in Surabaya and cultured on MacConkey agar (MCA). E. coli was identified morphologically through Gram staining and biochemically using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM), Simmons Citrate Agar (SCA), indole, and methyl red–Voges–Proskauer (MR–VP) tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all confirmed E. coli isolates (n = 120), and PCR analysis of the iroN gene was subsequently conducted only on MDR isolates (n = 14). The identification rate of E. coli in this study was 83.3% (120/144). Resistance to erythromycin was 81.7% (98/120), which likely reflects the intrinsic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to macrolides rather than acquired antimicrobial resistance. This was followed by resistance to gentamicin at 19.2% (23/120), ciprofloxacin at 14.2% (17/120), aztreonam at 3.3% (4/120), and chloramphenicol at 2.5% (3/120). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 11.6% (14/120). Among these MDR isolates, 42.8% (6/14) were positive for the iroN virulence gene. No statistical association between MDR status and iroN carriage was assessed because non-MDR isolates were not screened for iroN. These findings provide baseline descriptive data on MDR and iroN-positive E. coli in traditional markets in Surabaya based on a limited panel of representative antimicrobial classes, without inferring specific resistance mechanisms such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production.

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  • Universitas Airlangga
  • National Research and Innovation Agency
  • Universitas Sari Mulia
  • Universitas Wijaya Kusuma Surabaya
  • University of Brawijaya
  • Gomal University
  • Sultan Zainal Abidin University
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Ikechukwu Benjamin MosesEbonyi State University12
Siti Rani AyutiUniversitas Syiah Kuala9
Mirni LamidUniversitas Airlangga9
Ima FauziahNational Research and Innovation Agency9
Muhammad Khaliim Jati KusalaNational Research and Innovation Agency9
Abdullah HasibThe University of Queensland8
Widya Paramita LokapirnasariUniversitas Airlangga7
Sancaka Chasyer RamandiniantoUniversitas Airlangga5
Mohammad Anam Al ArifUniversitas Airlangga5
Sunaryo Hadi WarsitoUniversitas Airlangga5
Nenny HarijaniUniversitas Airlangga4
Imam MustofaUniversitas Airlangga4
Mutasem AbuzahraUniversitas Airlangga4
Sri ChusniatiUniversitas Airlangga4
Lucia Tri SuwantiUniversitas Airlangga4
Yulianna PuspitasariUniversitas Airlangga4
Sri Agus SudjarwoUniversitas Airlangga4
Prima Ayu WibawatiUniversitas Airlangga3
Jola RahmahaniUniversitas Airlangga3
Hani PlumeriastutiUniversitas Airlangga3
Dwi WijayantiUniversitas Perjuangan Tasikmalaya2
Loay Abu EidYamaguchi University2
Indah Amalia AmriUniversity of Brawijaya2
Ratna DamayantiUniversitas Airlangga2
Tita Damayanti LestariUniversitas Airlangga2

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Detection of the iroN gene in strains of avian pathogenic Escherichia coli in ducks at the Surabaya live market</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Kendek, Irfan Alias</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Effendi, Mustofa Helmi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wibisono, Freshinta Jellia </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Putri, Mariana Febrilianti Resilinda </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Abidin, Zainul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Naseh, Naseh</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rehman, Saifur</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Khairullah, Aswin Rafif </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yanestria, Sheila Marty</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Pratama, Bima Putra</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Kurniasih, Dea Anita Ariani </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ahmad, Riza Zainuddin </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Tang, John Yew Huat</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Kurniawan, Muhammad ‘Ahdi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Dameanti, Fidi Nur Aini Eka Puji </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">avian pathogenic Escherichia coli</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">iroN gene</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">colibacillosis</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">multidrug resistance</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Public Health</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Escherichia coli normally inhabits the intestinal tract of poultry as a commensal organism; however, specific strains such as avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) may become opportunistic pathogens responsible for colibacillosis in birds. The inappropriate use of antibiotics can increase antimicrobial resistance, which may impact public health. This study aimed to detect the presence of the iroN virulence gene specifically in multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli isolates associated with APEC obtained from duck cloacal swabs collected at live markets in Surabaya. This study was designed as a descriptive cross-sectional survey, and the results are presented as prevalence proportions without inferential or correlation statistical testing, as iroN detection was performed exclusively on MDR isolates. Samples were collected from five live markets in Surabaya and cultured on MacConkey agar (MCA). E. coli was identified morphologically through Gram staining and biochemically using Triple Sugar Iron Agar (TSIA), Sulfide Indole Motility (SIM), Simmons Citrate Agar (SCA), indole, and methyl red–Voges–Proskauer (MR–VP) tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all confirmed E. coli isolates (n = 120), and PCR analysis of the iroN gene was subsequently conducted only on MDR isolates (n = 14). The identification rate of E. coli in this study was 83.3% (120/144). Resistance to erythromycin was 81.7% (98/120), which likely reflects the intrinsic resistance of Gram-negative bacteria to macrolides rather than acquired antimicrobial resistance. This was followed by resistance to gentamicin at 19.2% (23/120), ciprofloxacin at 14.2% (17/120), aztreonam at 3.3% (4/120), and chloramphenicol at 2.5% (3/120). The prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) was 11.6% (14/120). Among these MDR isolates, 42.8% (6/14) were positive for the iroN virulence gene. No statistical association between MDR status and iroN carriage was assessed because non-MDR isolates were not screened for iroN. These findings provide baseline descriptive data on MDR and iroN-positive E. coli in traditional markets in Surabaya based on a limited panel of representative antimicrobial classes, without inferring specific resistance mechanisms such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-04-01</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/article/view/80968</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jmv.vol9.iss1.2026.242-258</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Jurnal Medik Veteriner; Vol. 9 No. 1 (2026): April; 242-258</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2581-012X</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2615-7497</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/article/view/80968/37646</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JMV/article/view/80968/36901</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 Irfan Alias Kendek, Mustofa Helmi Effendi, Freshinta Jellia  Wibisono, Mariana Febrilianti Resilinda  Putri, Zainul Abidin, Naseh Naseh, Saifur Rehman, Aswin Rafif  Khairullah, Sheila Marty Yanestria, Bima Putra Pratama, Dea Anita Ariani  Kurniasih, Riza Zainuddin  Ahmad, John Yew Huat Tang, Muhammad ‘Ahdi Kurniawan, Fidi Nur Aini Eka Puji  Dameanti</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
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