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Integrated health belief model- symptom management theory diarrhea management module on maternal and toddler outcomes: A quasi-experimental study

Jurnal Ners · Vol. 21 No. 3 (2026) · hlm. 343–352

DOI
10.20473/jn.v21i3.92060
ISSN
2502-5791, 1858-3598
Terbit
2026-08-31
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstrak

Introduction: This study evaluated the effectiveness of an integrated Health Belief Model (HBM)-Symptom Management Theory (SMT) diarrhea management module in improving mothers' home-based caregiving capabilities and toddlers' health status. Methods: This quasi-experimental study used a non-equivalent control group design involving 72 mothers and their toddlers with diarrhea, with 36 participants in the intervention group and 36 in the control group, recruited sequentially from two public health centers in Semarang, Indonesia. The intervention group received a 12-week HBM-SMT-based module delivered in four sessions: socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. Maternal caregiving capabilities were evaluated as pre and post-intervention, while toddler clinical outcomes were descriptively tracked as a secondary trend. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's rho correlation analysis. Results: The intervention group showed significant improvements in maternal caregiving capabilities, including in condition monitoring (∆ mean = 13.94), meeting basic needs (∆ mean = 25.94), and infection prevention (∆ mean = 13.61) (all p <0.001), whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. Toddlers in the intervention group had shorter mean diarrhea duration (4.88 vs 6.38 days), an increase in normal nutritional status (from 61.1% to 80.6% vs. a decline from 63.9% to 50.0% in control), and a higher proportion of intact skin integrity without irritation (94,4% vs. 61.1% post-intervention). Conclusions: The integrated HBM-SMT module enhanced maternal caregiving capabilities and improved clinical outcomes in toddlers with diarrhea.

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  • Universitas Airlangga
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang
  • Naresuan University
  • Hasanuddin University
  • Institut Ilmu Kesehatan STRADA Indonesia
  • Institut Teknologi, Sains, dan Kesehatan RS.DR. Soepraoen Kesdam V/BRW
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Praba Diyan RachmawatiUniversitas Airlangga15
Iqlima Dwi KurniaUniversitas Airlangga12
Pratuma RithpoNaresuan University5
Ah YusufUniversitas Airlangga4
Tintin SukartiniUniversitas Airlangga4
Joko Prayitno SusantoUniversitas Airlangga3
Iswatun IswatunUniversitas Airlangga3
Kristiawati KristiawatiUniversitas Airlangga3
Nursalam NursalamUniversitas Airlangga3
Ilkafah IlkafahHasanuddin University2
Anestasia Pangestu Mei TyasUniversitas Airlangga2
Hanik Endang NihayatiUniversitas Airlangga2
Ni Ketut Alit ArminiUniversitas Airlangga2
Ferry EfendiUniversitas Airlangga2
Esti YunitasariUniversitas Airlangga2
Nuzul QuraniatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Titis Mustikowati DanasariUniversitas Airlangga2
Kusnanto KusnantoUniversitas Airlangga2
Setho HadisuyatmanaUniversitas Airlangga2
Purwaningsih PurwaningsihUniversitas Airlangga2
Nursalam NursalamUniversitas Airlangga2
Triska Susila NindyaUniversitas Airlangga1
Dwi Agista LarasatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Abd NasirUniversitas Airlangga1
Amellia MardhikaUniversitas Airlangga1
Nurus SafaahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Pipit FerianiUniversitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur1
Rini ErnawatiUniversitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur1
Reny Mareta SariInstitut Ilmu Kesehatan STRADA Indonesia1
Niken Agus TianingrumUniversitas Muhammadiyah Kalimantan Timur1
Retno IndarwatiUniversitas Airlangga1
Wahyu Agustin Eka LestariUniversitas Airlangga1
Neisya Pratiwindya SudarsiwiUniversitas Airlangga1
Nursalam NursalamUniversitas Airlangga1
Apriyani Puji HastutiInstitut Teknologi, Sains, dan Kesehatan RS.DR. Soepraoen Kesdam V/BRW1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) http://e-journal.unair.ac.id/index.php/JNERS/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Integrated health belief model- symptom management theory diarrhea management module on maternal and toddler outcomes: A quasi-experimental study</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>mariyam, mariyam</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Arief, Yuni Sufyanti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Makhfudli, Makhfudli</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Qur'aniati, Nuzul</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Krisnana, Ilya</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">diarrhea</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Health Belief Model</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Infectious diseases management</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">symptom management theory</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">toddler health</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Introduction: This study evaluated the effectiveness of an integrated Health Belief Model (HBM)-Symptom Management Theory (SMT) diarrhea management module in improving mothers' home-based caregiving capabilities and toddlers' health status.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study used a non-equivalent control group design involving 72 mothers and their toddlers with diarrhea, with 36 participants in the intervention group and 36 in the control group, recruited sequentially from two public health centers in Semarang, Indonesia. The intervention group received a 12-week HBM-SMT-based module delivered in four sessions: socialization, externalization, combination, and internalization. Maternal caregiving capabilities were evaluated as pre and post-intervention, while toddler clinical outcomes were descriptively tracked as a secondary trend. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, and Spearman's rho correlation analysis.
Results: The intervention group showed significant improvements in maternal caregiving capabilities, including in condition monitoring (∆ mean = 13.94), meeting basic needs (∆ mean = 25.94), and infection prevention (∆ mean = 13.61) (all p &amp;lt;0.001), whereas no significant changes were observed in the control group. Toddlers in the intervention group had shorter mean diarrhea duration (4.88 vs 6.38 days), an increase in normal nutritional status (from 61.1% to 80.6% vs. a decline from 63.9% to 50.0% in control), and a higher proportion of intact skin integrity without irritation (94,4% vs. 61.1% post-intervention).
Conclusions: The integrated HBM-SMT module enhanced maternal caregiving capabilities and improved clinical outcomes in toddlers with diarrhea.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-08-31</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JNERS/article/view/92060</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/jn.v21i3.92060</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Jurnal Ners; Vol. 21 No. 3 (2026): VOLUME 21 ISSUE 3 (AUGUST 2026); 343-352</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2502-5791</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1858-3598</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/JNERS/article/view/92060/40179</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 Jurnal Ners</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>