The role of aromatic rings, heterocyclic rings, and hydroxyl groups in increasing hydrogen production using activated carbon-based photocatalysts

Septi, Fitria Indra; Nugroho, Willy Satrio; Purnami; Santjojo, Dionysius Joseph Djoko Herry; Wardana, I Nyoman Gede

doi:10.31603/mesi.15190

Jurnal SINTA 1

The role of aromatic rings, heterocyclic rings, and hydroxyl groups in increasing hydrogen production using activated carbon-based photocatalysts

Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry · Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026) · hlm. 21–39

DOI: 10.31603/mesi.15190
ISSN: 2798-5245
Terbit: 2026-02-18
Penerbit: Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang
Bahasa: en

Abstrak

Hydrogen production using photocatalysis with activated carbon (AC) combined with curcumin and CTP has been investigated. Curcumin contains two aromatic rings and two ”“OH groups, while CTP contains two aromatic rings, one pyran heterocyclic ring, and six ”“OH groups at specific positions. However, the combined performance of these materials with AC has not been fully optimized, highlighting the need for further research to understand their chemical interactions in photocatalytic processes and their potential for renewable energy applications. This study aimed to determine the role of pyran heterocyclic rings and ”“OH groups in hydrogen production. The results showed that hydrogen production using pure AC was 115.75 Î¼mol/g, while AC + curcumin and AC + CTP produced 1297.8 Î¼mol/g and 1462.6 Î¼mol/g, respectively. The higher hydrogen production in AC + CTP compared to AC + curcumin is attributed to the presence of pyran heterocyclic rings, which enhance photocatalyst stability and efficiency by reducing electron”“hole recombination and expanding the light absorption spectrum, thereby increasing hydrogen evolution. Although the stacking interactions and active sites in the form of ”“OH, C”“H, and C”“O groups in AC + CTP are fewer than in AC + curcumin, the presence of oxygen atoms in the pyran heterocyclic ring contributes to greater hydrogen production. This study contributes to the selection of effective photocatalyst materials based on compound composition to support clean and sustainable hydrogen energy as an alternative to fossil fuels.

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Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Bandung
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Rekan penulis	Organisasi	Artikel bersama
Abdul Mudjib Sulaiman Wahid	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	4
Lilis Yuliati	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	3
Fikrul Akbar Alamsyah	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	3
Ni Made Dwidiani	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	2
Ngakan Putu Gede Suardana	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	2
I Gusti Ketut Puja	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	2
Wayan Nata Septiadi	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	2
I Gusti Ngurah Nitya Santhiarsa	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	2
Si Putu Gede Gunawan Tista	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	2
Masruroh Masruroh	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1
Moh Rifqi Nawafi	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1
Dewi Sartika	Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Bandung	1
Wisnu Kuncoro	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1
Ikhwanul Qiram	Afiliasi tidak diketahui	1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journal.unimma.ac.id/index.php/mesi/oai, pertama di-harvest 9 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 9 Nov 2026.

Metadata asli (oai_dc)

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	<dc:title xml:lang="en">The role of aromatic rings, heterocyclic rings, and hydroxyl groups in increasing hydrogen production using activated carbon-based photocatalysts</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Septi, Fitria Indra</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Nugroho, Willy Satrio</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Purnami</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Santjojo, Dionysius Joseph Djoko Herry</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Wardana, I Nyoman Gede</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Activated carbon</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Clitoria ternatea powder</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Curcumin</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Hydrogen production</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Defective graphene</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">Heterocylic rings</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Hydrogen production using photocatalysis with activated carbon (AC) combined with curcumin and CTP has been investigated. Curcumin contains two aromatic rings and two ”“OH groups, while CTP contains two aromatic rings, one pyran heterocyclic ring, and six ”“OH groups at specific positions. However, the combined performance of these materials with AC has not been fully optimized, highlighting the need for further research to understand their chemical interactions in photocatalytic processes and their potential for renewable energy applications. This study aimed to determine the role of pyran heterocyclic rings and ”“OH groups in hydrogen production. The results showed that hydrogen production using pure AC was 115.75 Î¼mol/g, while AC + curcumin and AC + CTP produced 1297.8 Î¼mol/g and 1462.6 Î¼mol/g, respectively. The higher hydrogen production in AC + CTP compared to AC + curcumin is attributed to the presence of pyran heterocyclic rings, which enhance photocatalyst stability and efficiency by reducing electron”“hole recombination and expanding the light absorption spectrum, thereby increasing hydrogen evolution. Although the stacking interactions and active sites in the form of ”“OH, C”“H, and C”“O groups in AC + CTP are fewer than in AC + curcumin, the presence of oxygen atoms in the pyran heterocyclic ring contributes to greater hydrogen production. This study contributes to the selection of effective photocatalyst materials based on compound composition to support clean and sustainable hydrogen energy as an alternative to fossil fuels.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Universitas Muhammadiyah Magelang</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-02-18</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journal.unimma.ac.id/mesi/article/view/15190</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.31603/mesi.15190</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Mechanical Engineering for Society and Industry; Vol. 6 No. 1 (2026); 21-39</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2798-5245</dc:source>
	<dc:language>en</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journal.unimma.ac.id/mesi/article/view/15190/6718</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2026 Fitria Indra Septi, Willy Satrio Nugroho, Purnami Purnami, Dionysius Joseph Djoko Herry Santjojo, I Nyoman Gede Wardana</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>