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Influence of inorganic content on hydrochar quality from high-ash agar extraction waste via hydrothermal carbonization

Sinergi · Vol. 30 No. 3 (2026) · hlm. 731–746

DOI
10.22441/sinergi.2026.3.005
ISSN
2460-1217, 1410-2331
Terbit
2026-09-08
Penerbit
Universitas Mercu Buana
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Agar solid waste (ASW) has potential as a feedstock for hydrochar production because of its organic content; however, its high inorganic fraction, predominantly silica, limits its application. Furthermore, studies specifically investigating the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of ASW remain limited, given its high ash content and low energy value. This study investigated the HTC of ASW at varying temperatures (180–220 °C) and reaction times (30–90 minutes), with particular emphasis on how two inorganic components (celite versus perlite) affect hydrochar yield, composition, and energy properties. The resulting hydrochars were characterized using CHNSO, proximate, SEM, and FTIR analysis. The results revealed high ash contents reaching 77.7–92.08%, corresponding to HHV of 2.3–3.4 MJ kg⁻¹, while FTIR spectra confirmed strong silica presence through prominent Si–O–Si absorption bands. Therefore, the study provides valuable insights into silica-rich biomass behavior during HTC. The study also evaluated the relationship between HHV and ash content and analyzed the kinetic model. The results demonstrate the significant influence of inorganic components on carbonization pathways, highlighting opportunities to enhance hydrochar quality through pretreatment strategies such as acid/alkaline leaching or mineral separation.

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  • National Research and Innovation Agency
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Dedik RomahadiAfiliasi tidak diketahui5
Dafit FeriyantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Nurato NuratoAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Asep Bayu Dani NandiyantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Apip AmrullahAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Widya FatriasariAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Delicia Yunita RahmanAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Abdul HamidUniversitas Bina Sarana Informatika2
Supaat ZakariaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Zaki ImaduddinAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Sony Hartono WijayaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Shelvie Nidya NeymanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Heri NugrahaNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Agung ImaduddinNational Research and Innovation Agency1
Eka Rakhman PriandanaNational Research and Innovation Agency1
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Marsiti ApriastiniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
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Khairul AnamUniversitas Jember1
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Nur Faiizah Aqiilah FirmanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/oai, pertama di-harvest 10 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 10 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Influence of inorganic content on hydrochar quality from high-ash agar extraction waste via hydrothermal carbonization</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Sudarma, Andi Firdaus</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hartulistiyoso, Edy</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Purwanto, Yohanes Aris</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Nelwan, Leopold Oscar</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Farobie, Obie</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Darsono, Nono</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Arifin, Khuzaimah</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Solikhah, Maharani Dewi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Yulni, Tri</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hidayat, Imam</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Fitri, Muhamad</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Majlan, Edy Herianto</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Fuel</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Hydrochar</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Hydrogen</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Hydrothermal Carbonization</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Agar Solid Waste</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Agar solid waste (ASW) has potential as a feedstock for hydrochar production because of its organic content; however, its high inorganic fraction, predominantly silica, limits its application. Furthermore, studies specifically investigating the hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of ASW remain limited, given its high ash content and low energy value. This study investigated the HTC of ASW at varying temperatures (180–220 °C) and reaction times (30–90 minutes), with particular emphasis on how two inorganic components (celite versus perlite) affect hydrochar yield, composition, and energy properties. The resulting hydrochars were characterized using CHNSO, proximate, SEM, and FTIR analysis. The results revealed high ash contents reaching 77.7–92.08%, corresponding to HHV of 2.3–3.4 MJ kg⁻¹, while FTIR spectra confirmed strong silica presence through prominent Si–O–Si absorption bands. Therefore, the study provides valuable insights into silica-rich biomass behavior during HTC. The study also evaluated the relationship between HHV and ash content and analyzed the kinetic model. The results demonstrate the significant influence of inorganic components on carbonization pathways, highlighting opportunities to enhance hydrochar quality through pretreatment strategies such as acid/alkaline leaching or mineral separation.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Mercu Buana</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-09-08</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/article/view/34580</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.22441/sinergi.2026.3.005</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">SINERGI; Vol. 30 No. 3 (2026); 731-746</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2460-1217</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1410-2331</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://publikasi.mercubuana.ac.id/index.php/sinergi/article/view/34580/12743</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 SINERGI</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>