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A Combination of Inverted LSB, RSA, and Arnold Transformation to get Secure and Imperceptible Image Steganography

Journal of ICT Research and Applications (JICTRA) · Vol. 12 No. 2 (2018) · pp. 103–122

DOI
10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2018.12.2.1
ISSN
2338-5499, 2337-5787
Published
2018-09-28
Publisher
DRI - ITB
Language
eng

Abstract

Securing images can be achieved using cryptography and steganography. Combining both techniques can improve the security of images. Usually, Arnold's transformation (ACM) is used to encrypt an image by randomizing the image pixels. However, applying only a transformation algorithm is not secure enough to protect the image. In this study, ACM was combined with RSA, another encryption technique, which has an exponential process that uses large numbers. This can confuse attackers when they try to decrypt the cipher images. Furthermore, this paper also proposes combing ACM with RSA and subsequently embedding the result in a cover image with inverted two-bit LSB steganography, which replaces two bits in the bit plane of the cover image with message bits. This modified steganography technique can provide twice the capacity of the previous method. The experimental result was evaluated using PSNR and entropy as the parameters to obtain the quality of the stego images and the cipher images. The proposed method produced a highest PSNR of 57.8493 dB and entropy equal to 7.9948.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

17 authors · 57 co-authorship links · 7 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Universitas Dian Nuswantoro
  • Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember
  • University of Hartford
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Ajib SusantoUniversitas Dian Nuswantoro3
Ibnu Utomo Wahyu MulyonoUniversitas Dian Nuswantoro3
Md Kamruzzaman SarkerUniversity of Hartford3
Anny YuniartiInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember1
Rizky Damara ArdyInstitut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember1
Ririn NurmandhaniAffiliation unknown1
Lenci AryaniAffiliation unknown1
Ika PantiawatiAffiliation unknown1
Guruh Fajar ShidikAffiliation unknown1
Ririn NurmandhaniUniversitas Dian Nuswantoro1
Lenci AryaniUniversitas Dian Nuswantoro1
Ika PantiawatiUniversitas Dian Nuswantoro1
Guruh Fajar ShidikUniversitas Dian Nuswantoro1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jictra/oai, first harvested 26 Okt 2026, last seen 26 Okt 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">A Combination of Inverted LSB, RSA, and Arnold Transformation to get Secure and Imperceptible Image Steganography</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Kusuma, Edi Jaya</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sari, Christy Atika</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Rachmawanto, Eko Hari</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Setiadi, De Rosal Ignatius Moses</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Arnold’s transformation</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">cryptography</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">inverted 2-bit LSB</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">RSA</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">steganography</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Securing images can be achieved using cryptography and steganography. Combining both techniques can improve the security of images. Usually, Arnold's transformation (ACM) is used to encrypt an image by randomizing the image pixels. However, applying only a transformation algorithm is not secure enough to protect the image. In this study, ACM was combined with RSA, another encryption technique, which has an exponential process that uses large numbers. This can confuse attackers when they try to decrypt the cipher images. Furthermore, this paper also proposes combing ACM with RSA and subsequently embedding the result in a cover image with inverted two-bit LSB steganography, which replaces two bits in the bit plane of the cover image with message bits. This modified steganography technique can provide twice the capacity of the previous method. The experimental result was evaluated using PSNR and entropy as the parameters to obtain the quality of the stego images and the cipher images. The proposed method produced a highest PSNR of 57.8493 dB and entropy equal to 7.9948.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">DRI - ITB</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2018-09-28</dc:date>
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	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jictra/article/view/6813</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2018.12.2.1</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Journal of ICT Research and Applications; Vol. 12 No. 2 (2018); 103-122</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2338-5499</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2337-5787</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2018.12.2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jictra/article/view/6813/3461</dc:relation>
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