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Parasite immunomodulatory role in reducing the prevalence of COVID-19 in endemic regions

Universa Medicina · Vol. 41 No. 1 (2022) · hlm. 90–99

DOI
10.18051/UnivMed.2022.v41.90-99
ISSN
2407-2230, 1907-3062
Terbit
2022-04-07
Penerbit
Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0

Abstrak

Nearly 35 million cases and one million deaths over the nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic have been reported worldwide. Africa and some countries with endemic parasitic infections had a low incidence of COVID-19. By contrast, the United States and several European countries, having a non-endemicity of parasitic infections, recorded a high incidence of COVID-19. Some parasites have an immunomodulatory mechanism that can induce an immune tolerance state in the infected persons by balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Emerging reports also stated that COVID-19 and helminth co-infections may have more hidden outcomes than predictable ones. Hence, the aim of this literature review is to show and identify that an increase in the number of regulatory immune cells due to the immunomodulatory role of a pre-existing parasitic infection could reduce the risk of COVID-19. This study explored the existing literature to determine the role of parasitic infections in modulating the immune response and possibly reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection in endemic countries. The mechanism of immunomodulation by parasites is the increased numbers of Treg cells, M2 macrophages, eosinophils, the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and the pro-inflammatory downregulation of IFN λ, TNF α, and IL-6, which play an essential role in inducing cytokine storms in COVID-19 infection. This condition will probably occur in an individual with parasitic infection in a community with limited facilities and infrastructure to treat parasitic infections, particularly in developing countries. To conclude, in endemic areas, the immunomodulatory effect of parasitic infection to reduce the risk of COVID-19 cases/deaths is a possibility if the host is immunocompetent. Herein, the current knowledge on the immunomodulatory role of COVID-19 and helminth co-infections will be discussed.

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  • Universitas Syiah Kuala
  • Universitas Negeri Surabaya
  • Universitas Airlangga
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Yunita ArmiyantiAfiliasi tidak diketahui11
Wiwien Sugih UtamiAfiliasi tidak diketahui9
Diana Chusna MufidaAfiliasi tidak diketahui6
Muhammad Ali ShodikinAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Enny SuswatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Angga Mardro RaharjoAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Yudha NurdianAfiliasi tidak diketahui3
Elvia Rahmi Marga PutriAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Nurus Saffana YuliantoAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Siti Ananda Hardita SyahputriAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Supangat SupangatAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Abdul AzisUniversitas Syiah Kuala1
Gustianda GustiandaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Reni Hartika SariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Saiful BahriAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nur Qomariyah PratiwiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Amalya Mira SyarifAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nurul Indah SaffanahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Muhamad NasrudinAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Enny Puji LestariAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Dzikrina SyahidahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Masduki AhmadAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Yan Putra TimurUniversitas Negeri Surabaya1
Ririn Tri RatnasariUniversitas Airlangga1
Mohamed BattourAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Salwa Tasya AqilahAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Syed Othman AlhabshiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Laily NurhayatiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Muhammad Afiful JauhaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nanda NuramnaAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Muhammad Afiful JauhaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Noorhamdani ASAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Sumarno RetoprawiroAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Hidayat SujutiAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Loeki Enggar FitriAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Samsul ArifinAfiliasi tidak diketahui1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://univmed.org/ejurnal/index.php/medicina/oai, pertama di-harvest 10 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 10 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
<oai_dc:dc xmlns="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/" xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" xmlns:oai_dc="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc/  http://www.openarchives.org/OAI/2.0/oai_dc.xsd">
	<dc:title xml:lang="en">Parasite immunomodulatory role in reducing  the prevalence of COVID-19 in endemic regions</dc:title>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en"> Hermansyah, Bagus</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Agustina, Dini </dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Zulaikha, Siti</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator xml:lang="en">Habibi, Ali </dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">COVID-19</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">parasite infection</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">parasite endemic regions</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en">immunomodulatory</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en">Nearly 35 million cases and one million deaths over the nine months of the COVID-19 pandemic have been reported worldwide. Africa and some countries with endemic parasitic infections had a low incidence of COVID-19. By contrast, the United States and several European countries, having a non-endemicity of parasitic infections, recorded a high incidence of COVID-19. Some parasites have an immunomodulatory mechanism that can induce an immune tolerance state in the infected persons by balancing pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses. Emerging reports also stated that COVID-19 and helminth co-infections may have more hidden outcomes than predictable ones. Hence, the aim of this literature review is to show and identify that an increase in the number of regulatory immune cells due to the immunomodulatory role of a pre-existing parasitic infection could reduce the risk of COVID-19. This study explored the existing literature to determine the role of parasitic infections in modulating the immune response and possibly reduce the risk of COVID-19 infection in endemic countries. The mechanism of immunomodulation by parasites is the increased numbers of Treg cells, M2 macrophages, eosinophils, the Th2 cytokines IL-4 and IL-5, and the pro-inflammatory downregulation of IFN λ, TNF α, and IL-6, which play an essential role in inducing cytokine storms in COVID-19 infection. This condition will probably occur in an individual with parasitic infection in a community with limited facilities and infrastructure to treat parasitic infections, particularly in developing countries. To conclude, in endemic areas, the immunomodulatory effect of parasitic infection to reduce the risk of COVID-19 cases/deaths is a possibility if the host is immunocompetent. Herein, the current knowledge on the immunomodulatory role of COVID-19 and helminth co-infections will be discussed.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en">Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Trisakti</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2022-04-07</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://univmed.org/ejurnal/index.php/medicina/article/view/1212</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.18051/UnivMed.2022.v41.90-99</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en">Universa Medicina; Vol. 41 No. 1 (2022); 90-99</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2407-2230</dc:source>
	<dc:source>1907-3062</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.18051/UnivMed.2022.v41.i1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://univmed.org/ejurnal/index.php/medicina/article/view/1212/697</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">Copyright (c) 2022 Bagus Hermansyah, Dini Agustina, Siti Zulaikha, Ali Habibi</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>