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Criminalizing Civil Law Actions of Default into Criminal Acts of Fraud: A Human Rights Perspective

Yuridika · Vol. 39 No. 3 (2024) · hlm. 303–328

DOI
10.20473/ydk.v39i3.51329
ISSN
2528-3103, 0215-840X
Terbit
2024-09-25
Penerbit
Universitas Airlangga
Bahasa
eng
Lisensi
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0

Abstrak

The terms "Default" and "Fraud" and/or “Embezzlement” are often interchanged without clarity of meaning in many discussion forums, both oral and written. This confusion can be seen from the many court decisions that acquit defendants from prosecution which have permanent legal force. The public often hears that law enforcers carry out criminalization, such as witnesses becoming suspects, suspects becoming defendants and so on by shifting the civil legal action of Default to criminal act of Fraud and/or Embezzlement. Using 'criminalization' and 'criminalized' in this article is considered inappropriate, so it has been replaced by 'criminalizing' and 'criminalized'. If there is an action to shift the civil legal act of Default into a criminal act of Fraud and/ or Embezzlement, so from a human rights perspective, it is against the law. By using normative legal research methods, this paper examines how to differentiate civil legal acts of Default from criminal acts of Fraud and/or Embezzlement, how to apply civil compensation in cases where there are already criminal legal remedies, and what is the legal and human rights perspective when criminalization occurs. This paper uses a statutory approach and a case approach. The results show: First, there is a real difference between civil legal acts of Default and criminal acts of Fraud and/ or Embezzlement; Second, the application of compensation can be carried out through criminal and civil procedural law mechanisms; Finally, criminalizing civil legal acts into criminal acts is a form of violation of human rights.

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  • University of Brawijaya
  • Universitas Gadjah Mada
  • State University of Semarang
  • National University of Malaysia
  • Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang
  • Universitas Yudharta Pasuruan
  • Universitas Wiralodra
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Rekan penulisOrganisasiArtikel bersama
Rado Fridsel LeonardusAfiliasi tidak diketahui4
Alexander Yovie Pratama YudhaAfiliasi tidak diketahui2
Sheva Trisanda AdistiaUniversitas Gadjah Mada2
Ayup Suran NingsihState University of Semarang1
Aprila NiravitaState University of Semarang1
Hazlina Shaik Md Noor AlamNational University of Malaysia1
Harumsari Puspa WardhaniState University of Semarang1
Wahyudi KurniawanUniversitas Muhammadiyah Malang1
Bambang Eryanto HermawanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Nurini ApriliandaUniversity of Brawijaya1
Thohir LuthUniversity of Brawijaya1
Rossa Ilma SilfiahUniversitas Yudharta Pasuruan1
Hoiruddin HasibuanUniversity of Brawijaya1
Sudarsono SudarsonoUniversity of Brawijaya1
I Nyoman NurjayaUniversity of Brawijaya1
Hamja HamjaUniversitas Wiralodra1
Ilham Zain FadilaUniversity of Brawijaya1
Diah Aju WisnuwardhaniAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Haniah IlhamiUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Destri Budi NugraheniUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Sujayadi SujayadiUniversitas Airlangga1
HerlianaUniversitas Gadjah Mada1
Adi KusumaningrumUniversity of Brawijaya1
Dody Novizar MardyansyahUniversity of Brawijaya1
Yenny Eta WidyantiUniversity of Brawijaya1
Budi HermawanAfiliasi tidak diketahui1
Ari HernawanNational Central University1

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Sumber metadata: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/YDK/oai, pertama di-harvest 10 Nov 2026, terakhir terlihat 10 Nov 2026.
Metadata asli (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Criminalizing Civil Law Actions of Default into Criminal Acts of Fraud: A Human Rights Perspective</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Yonatan</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Wijayanta, Tata</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sugiri, Bambang</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sukarmi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Sulistio, Faizin</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Breach of contract</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Default</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Embezzlement</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">Fraud</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">The terms "Default" and "Fraud" and/or “Embezzlement” are often interchanged without clarity of meaning in many discussion forums, both oral and written. This confusion can be seen from the many court decisions that acquit defendants from prosecution which have permanent legal force. The public often hears that law enforcers carry out criminalization, such as witnesses becoming suspects, suspects becoming defendants and so on by shifting the civil legal action of Default to criminal act of Fraud and/or Embezzlement. Using 'criminalization' and 'criminalized' in this article is considered inappropriate, so it has been replaced by 'criminalizing' and 'criminalized'. If there is an action to shift the civil legal act of Default into a criminal act of Fraud and/ or Embezzlement, so from a human rights perspective, it is against the law. By using normative legal research methods, this paper examines how to differentiate civil legal acts of Default from criminal acts of Fraud and/or Embezzlement, how to apply civil compensation in cases where there are already criminal legal remedies, and what is the legal and human rights perspective when criminalization occurs. This paper uses a statutory approach and a case approach. The results show: First, there is a real difference between civil legal acts of Default and criminal acts of Fraud and/ or Embezzlement; Second, the application of compensation can be carried out through criminal and civil procedural law mechanisms; Finally, criminalizing civil legal acts into criminal acts is a form of violation of human rights.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">Universitas Airlangga</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2024-09-25</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:format>text/xml</dc:format>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/YDK/article/view/51329</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.20473/ydk.v39i3.51329</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Yuridika; Vol. 39 No. 3 (2024): Volume 39 No 3 September 2024; 303-328</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2528-3103</dc:source>
	<dc:source>0215-840X</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/YDK/article/view/51329/31188</dc:relation>
	<dc:relation>https://e-journal.unair.ac.id/YDK/article/view/51329/29938</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2024 Yonatan, Tata Wijayanta, Bambang Sugiri, Sukarmi, Faizin Sulistio</dc:rights>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>