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Bandwidth Optimization of Spline-Based Planar Sensor Using GA, PSO, and CMA-ES for EMC Testing and Wireless Communications

Journal of ICT Research and Applications (JICTRA) · Vol. 19 No. 1 (2025) · pp. 86–104

DOI
10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2025.19.1.5
ISSN
2338-5499, 2337-5787
Published
2025-11-21
Publisher
DRI - ITB
Language
eng

Abstract

The expansion of communication technology and the increasing usage of the frequency spectrum drive the need for compatible device testing. Wideband antennas play a crucial role in supporting modern communication systems and applications, including those used as the sensors in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing. Optimization techniques, such as genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and covariance matrix adaptation–evolution strategy (CMA-ES), are widely applied to enhance the bandwidth of electromagnetic devices. However, most studies focus on individual algorithms or limited comparisons, resulting in a lack of systematic evaluation within a unified framework. This paper fills that gap by directly comparing GA, PSO, and CMA-ES on the same planar sensor design, assessing their effectiveness in achieving the widest bandwidth. The planar sensor had a basic spline-based configuration using quadratic Bezier equation. A performance comparison based on a simulation showed that the planar sensor configuration with the best bandwidth was 17.77 GHz, spanning a frequency range from 2.23 GHz to 20 GHz, which was limited by the highest observation frequency of the available measuring instrument. Furthermore, verification of the realized planar sensor showed that the bandwidth reached 17.86 GHz, from 2.14 GHz to 20 GHz, with a geometric bandwidth of 273%.

Keywords

Collaboration network of the authors

18 authors · 32 co-authorship links · 18 across different organisations

Hover or tap a name to highlight its co-authors. Double-click to open the author's page.

  • Bandung Institute of Technology
  • Telkom University
  • State University of Jakarta
  • Indonesian Institute of Sciences
  • Pakuan University
  • Universitas Sangga Buana YPKP
  • Sumatera Institute of Technology
  • Different organisations
  • Same organisation
  • Affiliation unknown
  • Thicker line = more joint articles · bigger circle = more articles
Show as table
Co-authorOrganisationJoint articles
Mohammad Ridwan EffendiBandung Institute of Technology3
Sugihartono SugihartonoBandung Institute of Technology1
Adit KurniawanBandung Institute of Technology1
Baso MaruddaniState University of Jakarta1
Dida Tuhu PutrantoTelkom University1
Heroe WijantoTelkom University1
Yana TaryanaIndonesian Institute of Sciences1
Mochamad YunusPakuan University1
Hardi NusantaraBandung Institute of Technology1
Hartuti MistialustinaUniversitas Sangga Buana YPKP1
Chairunnisa ChairunnisaBandung Institute of Technology1
Zulfi ZulfiBandung Institute of Technology1
Joko SuryanaBandung Institute of Technology1
Rheyuniarto Sahlendar AsthanSumatera Institute of Technology1
Budi SyihabuddinTelkom University1

Affiliations come from OpenAlex; journal OAI-PMH metadata carries none. Authors without an OpenAlex ID are matched by name, which can merge or split people.

Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jictra/oai, first harvested 26 Okt 2026, last seen 26 Okt 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Bandwidth Optimization of Spline-Based Planar Sensor Using GA, PSO, and CMA-ES for EMC Testing and Wireless Communications</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Prasetyo, Agus Dwi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Hamdani, Deny</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Munir, Achmad</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">bandwidth optimization</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">covariance matrix adaptation–evolution strategy (CMA-ES)</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">electromagnetic compatibility (EMC)</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">genetic algorithm (GA)</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">particle swarm optimization (PSO)</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">planar sensor</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">wireless communication</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">The expansion of communication technology and the increasing usage of the frequency spectrum drive the need for compatible device testing. Wideband antennas play a crucial role in supporting modern communication systems and applications, including those used as the sensors in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) testing. Optimization techniques, such as genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimization (PSO), and covariance matrix adaptation–evolution strategy (CMA-ES), are widely applied to enhance the bandwidth of electromagnetic devices. However, most studies focus on individual algorithms or limited comparisons, resulting in a lack of systematic evaluation within a unified framework. This paper fills that gap by directly comparing GA, PSO, and CMA-ES on the same planar sensor design, assessing their effectiveness in achieving the widest bandwidth. The planar sensor had a basic spline-based configuration using quadratic Bezier equation. A performance comparison based on a simulation showed that the planar sensor configuration with the best bandwidth was 17.77 GHz, spanning a frequency range from 2.23 GHz to 20 GHz, which was limited by the highest observation frequency of the available measuring instrument. Furthermore, verification of the realized planar sensor showed that the bandwidth reached 17.86 GHz, from 2.14 GHz to 20 GHz, with a geometric bandwidth of 273%.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">DRI - ITB</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2025-11-21</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion</dc:type>
	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jictra/article/view/25432</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2025.19.1.5</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Journal of ICT Research and Applications; Vol. 19 No. 1 (2025); 86-104</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2338-5499</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2337-5787</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2025.19.1</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jictra/article/view/25432/7182</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of ICT Research and Applications</dc:rights>
</oai_dc:dc>