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Jurnal SINTA 2

Determination of Oil Palm Planting Patterns using ArduSimple RTK2B GNSS, LoRa Communication, and Drone-based Orthophotos

Journal of ICT Research and Applications (JICTRA) · Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026) · pp. 167–182

DOI
10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2026.20.2.4
ISSN
2338-5499, 2337-5787
Published
2026-08-27
Publisher
DRI - ITB
Language
eng

Abstract

Oil palm is a major plantation commodity in Indonesia, where accurate planting patterns are essential to optimize yield and support sustainable management. Conventional methods using stakes and ropes are labor-intensive and prone to spatial error, whereas many GNSS-based systems are costly and proprietary. This study develops a low-cost real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS system for determining oil palm planting patterns, based on the ArduSimple RTK2B module, a multiband GNSS antenna, and long-range LoRa communication integrated with a mobile application and orthophoto-derived digital maps. In the base–rover configuration, RTCM corrections are transmitted via LoRa, while planting points designed in ArcGIS are imported into SW Maps for field navigation. Performance is assessed through benchmark accuracy tests, LoRa packet delivery ratio and packet loss measurements over 10–100 m, planting-pattern trials for square and triangular layouts, and a comparison with an actual oil palm layout in a commercial estate. The rover achieved a horizontal positioning error of 8.95 cm, while planting trials yielded mean errors of 8.40 cm (RMSE 9.3 cm) for the square layout and 7.78 cm (RMSE 9.1 cm) for the triangular layout, both within the 10 cm tolerance. The proposed system provides practical, low-cost accuracy for oil palm planting guidance.

Keywords

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4 authors · 6 co-authorship links

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Metadata source: OAI-PMH (metadata jurnal) https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jictra/oai, first harvested 26 Okt 2026, last seen 26 Okt 2026.
Original metadata (oai_dc) 
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	<dc:title xml:lang="en-US">Determination of Oil Palm Planting Patterns using ArduSimple RTK2B GNSS, LoRa Communication, and Drone-based Orthophotos</dc:title>
	<dc:creator>Batubara, Mona Arif Muda</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Fauziah, Muna</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Melvi, Melvi</dc:creator>
	<dc:creator>Ulvan, Ardian</dc:creator>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">ArduSimple RTK2B</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">LoRa</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">oil palm planting pattern</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">orthophoto</dc:subject>
	<dc:subject xml:lang="en-US">RTK GNSS</dc:subject>
	<dc:description xml:lang="en-US">Oil palm is a major plantation commodity in Indonesia, where accurate planting patterns are essential to optimize yield and support sustainable management. Conventional methods using stakes and ropes are labor-intensive and prone to spatial error, whereas many GNSS-based systems are costly and proprietary. This study develops a low-cost real-time kinematic (RTK) GNSS system for determining oil palm planting patterns, based on the ArduSimple RTK2B module, a multiband GNSS antenna, and long-range LoRa communication integrated with a mobile application and orthophoto-derived digital maps. In the base–rover configuration, RTCM corrections are transmitted via LoRa, while planting points designed in ArcGIS are imported into SW Maps for field navigation. Performance is assessed through benchmark accuracy tests, LoRa packet delivery ratio and packet loss measurements over 10–100 m, planting-pattern trials for square and triangular layouts, and a comparison with an actual oil palm layout in a commercial estate. The rover achieved a horizontal positioning error of 8.95 cm, while planting trials yielded mean errors of 8.40 cm (RMSE 9.3 cm) for the square layout and 7.78 cm (RMSE 9.1 cm) for the triangular layout, both within the 10 cm tolerance. The proposed system provides practical, low-cost accuracy for oil palm planting guidance.</dc:description>
	<dc:publisher xml:lang="en-US">DRI - ITB</dc:publisher>
	<dc:date>2026-08-27</dc:date>
	<dc:type>info:eu-repo/semantics/article</dc:type>
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	<dc:type xml:lang="en-US">Peer-reviewed Article</dc:type>
	<dc:format>application/pdf</dc:format>
	<dc:identifier>https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jictra/article/view/26762</dc:identifier>
	<dc:identifier>10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2026.20.2.4</dc:identifier>
	<dc:source xml:lang="en-US">Journal of ICT Research and Applications; Vol. 20 No. 2 (2026); 167-182</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2338-5499</dc:source>
	<dc:source>2337-5787</dc:source>
	<dc:source>10.5614/itbj.ict.res.appl.2026.20.2</dc:source>
	<dc:language>eng</dc:language>
	<dc:relation>https://journals.itb.ac.id/index.php/jictra/article/view/26762/7461</dc:relation>
	<dc:rights xml:lang="en-US">Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of ICT Research and Applications</dc:rights>
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